1 Antecedents of Economic System Justification

1.1 Social Class

Figure X. Economic System Justification as grouped by SES

Economic System Justification as grouped by SES
SES	N	Mean	SD
Poor	38	-0.29	0.93
Lower Middle Class	298	-0.19	1.00
Middle Middle Class	679	-0.04	0.98
Upper Middle Class	395	0.15	0.99
Rich	90	0.43	1.05

1.2 Gender

Figure X. Economic System Justification as grouped by Gender

Economic System Justification as grouped by Gender
Gender	N	Mean	SD
Female	760	-0.23	0.97
Male	740	0.24	0.97

1.3 Age

Figure X. Economic System Justification as grouped by Age

Economic System Justification as grouped by Age
Age	N	Mean	SD
25-34 years	264	-0.36	1.00
18-24 years	193	-0.10	0.98
35-44 years	263	-0.06	1.02
45-54 years	292	-0.05	0.95
55-64 years	234	0.04	0.95
65+	254	0.53	0.90

1.4 Education

Figure X. Economic System Justification as grouped by Education

Economic System Justification as grouped by Education
Education	N	Mean	SD
Some college	471	-0.10	1.03
High-school	475	-0.07	0.89
Less than High-school	51	-0.05	1.05
Bachelor	310	0.14	1.04
Graduate	193	0.20	1.08

1.5 Income Levels

Figure X. Economic System Justification as grouped by Income Levels

Economic System Justification as grouped by Income Levels
Income Levels	N	Mean	SD
Less than $15,000	178	-0.25	1.03
$15,000-$24,999	180	-0.17	0.91
$35,000-$49,999	227	-0.12	0.91
$25,000-$34,999	176	-0.09	0.98
$50,000-$74,999	292	0.02	1.02
$75,000-$99,999	192	0.10	0.99
$100,000-$149,999	160	0.33	0.94
$150,000 +	95	0.41	1.10

1.6 Ethnicity

Figure X. Economic System Justification as grouped by Ethnicity

Economic System Justification as grouped by Ethnicity
Ethnicity	N	Mean	SD
Black/African America	115	-0.49	0.84
Other	18	-0.27	0.86
Native American	13	-0.26	0.97
Latino	88	-0.22	0.94
Caucasian/European origin	1237	0.06	1.01
Asian/Pacific Islander	29	0.24	0.79

1.7 Occupation

Figure X. Economic System Justification as grouped by Occupation

Economic System Justification as grouped by Occupation
Occupation	N	Mean	SD
Unemployed	146	-0.41	1.09
Student	85	-0.23	1.11
Disabled	98	-0.12	0.96
Parent	104	-0.08	1.07
Full-time caregiver	31	-0.05	0.59
Employed	768	0.01	0.98
Retired	268	0.36	0.87

1.8 Area

Figure X. Economic System Justification as grouped by Area

Economic System Justification as grouped by Area
Area	N	Mean	SD
Urban	955	-0.09	1.01
Rural	545	0.16	0.96

2 Concomitants of Economic System Justification

2.1 Political Orientation

Figure X. Economic System Justification & Political Orientation

Political Orientation

Social Political Orientation

Economic Political Orientation

Composite Political Orientation

(Intercept)

-0.69 **

-1.17 – -0.20

-1.03 ***

-1.60 – -0.47

-1.37 ***

-1.87 – -0.86

-1.03 ***

-1.49 – -0.56

Economic System Justification

1.21 ***

1.12 – 1.31

1.21 ***

1.10 – 1.32

1.39 ***

1.29 – 1.49

1.27 ***

1.18 – 1.36

Observations

1500

R² / adj. R²

.294 / .293

.230 / .229

.334 / .333

.330 / .329

Notes

* p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001

Political Orientation

Social Political Orientation

Economic Political Orientation

Composite Political Orientation

(Intercept)

-1.32 ***

-1.83 – -0.82

-1.64 ***

-2.20 – -1.08

-2.27 ***

-2.83 – -1.72

-1.75 ***

-2.22 – -1.27

Economic System Justification

1.01 ***

0.91 – 1.10

0.96 ***

0.86 – 1.06

1.21 ***

1.11 – 1.31

1.06 ***

0.97 – 1.14

Age

0.13 ***

0.07 – 0.20

0.14 ***

0.07 – 0.21

0.13 ***

0.06 – 0.19

0.13 ***

0.08 – 0.19

Income

0.01

-0.04 – 0.07

-0.07 *

-0.13 – -0.01

0.04

-0.01 – 0.10

-0.00

-0.06 – 0.05

Religiosity

0.30 ***

0.27 – 0.34

0.42 ***

0.38 – 0.46

0.21 ***

0.17 – 0.25

0.31 ***

0.28 – 0.35

Education

-0.14 **

-0.24 – -0.04

-0.18 **

-0.29 – -0.07

0.02

-0.09 – 0.13

-0.10 *

-0.19 – -0.00

Observations

1500

R² / adj. R²

.423 / .421

.431 / .429

.393 / .391

.469 / .467

Notes

* p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001

2.2 Religiosity

Figure X. Economic System Justification & Religiosity

2.3 Religious Affiliation

Figure X. Economic System Justification as grouped by Religious Affiliation

Economic System Justification as grouped by Religious Affiliation
Religious Affiliation	N	Mean	SD
Atheist/Agnostic	230	-0.51	1.22
No religion	195	-0.19	0.89
Muslim	9	-0.06	0.99
Jewish	52	0.08	1.05
Christian	1014	0.15	0.92

2.4 Religious Affiliation & Religiosity

Figure X. Economic System Justification as grouped by Religious Affiliation

Association between Economic System Justification and Religiosity, grouped by Religious Affiliation
Religious Affiliation	$\rho_{Spearman}$
Jewish	0.01
No religion	0.05
Atheist/Agnostic	0.09
Christian	0.11

2.5 Religiosity & Political Orientation

Figure X. Economic System Justification & Religiosity & Political Orientation

3 Consequences of Economic System Justification

3.1 Candidate Preferences

Figure X. Economic System Justification & Candidate Preferences

Candidate Preferences and Economic System Justification [centered]
Candidate Preference	N	Mean	SD
Bernie Sanders	362	-0.68	0.97
Hillary Clinton	371	-0.31	0.79
Gary Johnson	68	0.25	0.96
Rand Paul	44	0.44	1.07
Donald Trump	444	0.45	0.84
Jeb Bush	83	0.60	0.68
Ted Cruz	122	0.60	0.82

Candidate Preferences and Economic System Justification [raw means]
Candidate Preferences	N	Mean	SD	Range
Bernie Sanders	362	4.18	1.07	1-9
Hillary Clinton	371	4.60	0.87	1-9
Gary Johnson	68	5.21	1.05	1-9
Rand Paul	44	5.42	1.17	1-9
Donald Trump	444	5.43	0.92	1-9
Jeb Bush	83	5.59	0.75	1-9
Ted Cruz	122	5.59	0.90	1-9

Figure X. Economic System Justification & Candidate Preferences

3.2 Party Preferences

Figure X. Economic System Justification & Party Preferences

Party Preferences and Economic System Justification [centered]
Party Preference	N	Mean	SD
Green Party	40	-1.34	1.19
Democratic Party	560	-0.47	0.87
Don’t know	90	-0.13	0.89
None	120	-0.01	0.79
Libertarian Party	100	0.17	1.18
Constitution Party	14	0.35	1.16
Republican Party	508	0.46	0.76
Tea Party	68	1.05	0.80

Party Preferences and Economic System Justification [raw means]
Party Preferences	N	Mean	SD	Range
Green Party	40	3.47	1.30	1-9
Democratic Party	560	4.42	0.95	1-9
Don’t know	90	4.79	0.97	1-9
None	120	4.92	0.87	1-9
Libertarian Party	100	5.12	1.30	1-9
Constitution Party	14	5.32	1.27	1-9
Republican Party	508	5.44	0.83	1-9
Tea Party	68	6.09	0.87	1-9

3.3 Voting

2016 [Trump vs. Clinton]

2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters

2012 [Romney vs. Obama]

2008 [McCain vs. Obama]

Odds Ratio

(Intercept)

396.35 ***

172.81 – 956.33

294.35 ***

133.39 – 680.16

1169.18 ***

483.40 – 2987.57

771.54 ***

326.77 – 1919.01

Economic System Justification

0.30 ***

0.25 – 0.36

0.32 ***

0.27 – 0.37

0.25 ***

0.21 – 0.30

0.28 ***

0.23 – 0.33

Observations

1103

1148

1236

1206

Notes

* p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001

3.3.1 Party Identity

Figure X. Economic System Justification & Party Identity

Figure X. Economic System Justification, Party Identity and Voting

Tables meant for checking the number of observations in each category of the above graph.

Party Identity & Voting
	Donald Trump	Hilary Clinton
Strong Democrat	4	323
Democrat	27	129
Leaning Democrat	10	65
Independent	17	16
Leaning Republican	58	7
Republican	166	24
Strong Republican	282	7

3.3.2 Party Identity

3.3.2.1 with both representative (N = 1500) and convinience (2119) samples.

Figure X. Economic System Justification, Party Identity and Voting

Tables meant for checking the number of observations in each category of the above graph.

Party Identity and Party Identity & Voting [N = 3619]
	Donald Trump	Hilary Clinton
Strong Democrat	6	649
Democrat	58	307
Leaning Democrat	18	196
Independent	70	46
Leaning Republican	181	15
Republican	440	57
Strong Republican	748	12

3.3.3 Voting & Party Identity

Figure X. Economic System Justification & Party Identity & Voting Preferences

		2016 [Clinton vs. Trump]		2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters
		Odds Ratio	CI	Odds Ratio	CI
(Intercept)		75.283 ***	22.965 – 262.328	57.441 ***	19.033 – 183.236
Party Identity		0.007 ***	0.004 – 0.012	0.009 ***	0.006 – 0.014
Economic System Justification		0.690 **	0.536 – 0.885	0.705 **	0.556 – 0.890
Observations		1103		1148
Notes	* p<.05 p<.01 * p<.001

3.4 Likeability

3.4.1 Trump’s Likebility

Figure X. Economic System Justification & Trump’s Likebility

3.4.2 Clinton’s Likebility

Figure X. Economic System Justification & Clinton’s Likebility

3.4.3 Johnson’s Likebility

Figure X. Economic System Justification & Johnson’s Likebility

Chapter X. Economic System Justification

John Jost and Flavio Azevedo

02 May, 2018

1 Antecedents of Economic System Justification

1.2 Gender

1.3 Age

1.4 Education

1.5 Income Levels

1.6 Ethnicity

1.7 Occupation

1.8 Area

2 Concomitants of Economic System Justification

2.1 Political Orientation

2.2 Religiosity

2.3 Religious Affiliation

2.4 Religious Affiliation & Religiosity

2.5 Religiosity & Political Orientation

3 Consequences of Economic System Justification

3.1 Candidate Preferences

3.2 Party Preferences

3.3 Voting

3.3.1 Party Identity

3.3.2 Party Identity

3.3.2.1 with both representative (N = 1500) and convinience (2119) samples.

3.3.3 Voting & Party Identity

3.4 Likeability

3.4.1 Trump’s Likebility

3.4.2 Clinton’s Likebility

3.4.3 Johnson’s Likebility

3.4.3.1 XXX