Chapter X. Gender-specific

1 Antecedents of Gender-specific

1.1 Social Class

Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by SES

Gender-specific as grouped by SES

SES	N	Mean	SD
Poor	38	-0.32	1.06
Lower Middle Class	298	-0.16	0.97
Middle Middle Class	679	-0.01	1.01
Upper Middle Class	395	0.09	0.99
Rich	90	0.38	0.91

1.2 Gender

Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Gender

Gender-specific as grouped by Gender

Gender	N	Mean	SD
Female	760	-0.29	1.00
Male	740	0.29	0.91

1.3 Age

Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Age

Gender-specific as grouped by Age

Age	N	Mean	SD
25-34 years	264	-0.32	0.97
18-24 years	193	-0.10	1.04
35-44 years	263	-0.05	1.05
45-54 years	292	-0.01	0.98
55-64 years	234	0.08	0.94
65+	254	0.39	0.88

1.4 Education

Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Education

Gender-specific as grouped by Education

Education	N	Mean	SD
Some college	471	-0.04	1.01
High-school	475	-0.03	0.96
Less than High-school	51	-0.03	0.98
Bachelor	310	0.05	1.03
Graduate	193	0.09	1.02

1.5 Income Levels

Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Income Levels

Gender-specific as grouped by Income Levels

Income Levels	N	Mean	SD
Less than $15,000	178	-0.24	1.03
$15,000-$24,999	180	-0.18	0.97
$25,000-$34,999	176	-0.08	0.98
$35,000-$49,999	227	-0.04	1.01
$50,000-$74,999	292	-0.01	1.00
$75,000-$99,999	192	0.12	0.96
$100,000-$149,999	160	0.24	0.96
$150,000 +	95	0.42	0.97

1.6 Ethnicity

Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Ethnicity

Gender-specific as grouped by Ethnicity

Ethnicity	N	Mean	SD
Black/African America	115	-0.53	0.92
Native American	13	-0.22	1.09
Other	18	-0.21	0.73
Asian/Pacific Islander	29	-0.11	0.93
Latino	88	-0.09	0.88
Caucasian/European origin	1237	0.06	1.00

1.7 Occupation

Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Occupation

Gender-specific as grouped by Occupation

Occupation	N	Mean	SD
Student	85	-0.30	1.04
Unemployed	146	-0.22	1.09
Disabled	98	-0.13	1.03
Full-time caregiver	31	-0.12	0.80
Parent	104	-0.08	0.99
Employed	768	0.00	1.01
Retired	268	0.30	0.85

1.8 Area

Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Area

Gender-specific as grouped by Area

Area	N	Mean	SD
Urban	955	-0.05	1.01
Rural	545	0.09	0.97

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2 Concomitants of Gender-specific

2.1 Political Orientation

Figure X. Gender-specific & Political Orientation

Figure X. Gender-specific & Political Orientation

## [1] 0.23

Political Orientation

Social Political Orientation

Economic Political Orientation

Composite Political Orientation

B

CI

B

CI

B

CI

B

CI

(Intercept)

0.86 ***

0.41 – 1.32

0.29

-0.23 – 0.81

0.79 **

0.30 – 1.28

0.65 **

0.20 – 1.09

Gender-specific

0.82 ***

0.74 – 0.90

0.85 ***

0.76 – 0.95

0.86 ***

0.77 – 0.95

0.84 ***

0.77 – 0.92

Observations

1500

1500

1500

1500

R2 / adj. R2

.207 / .206

.178 / .178

.200 / .200

.226 / .226

Notes

* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

Political Orientation

Social Political Orientation

Economic Political Orientation

Composite Political Orientation

B

CI

B

CI

B

CI

B

CI

(Intercept)

-0.29

-0.79 – 0.22

-0.83 **

-1.39 – -0.28

-0.72 *

-1.29 – -0.15

-0.61 *

-1.10 – -0.13

Gender-specific

0.65 ***

0.57 – 0.72

0.66 ***

0.58 – 0.74

0.71 ***

0.62 – 0.79

0.67 ***

0.60 – 0.74

Age

0.17 ***

0.10 – 0.23

0.17 ***

0.10 – 0.24

0.17 ***

0.10 – 0.24

0.17 ***

0.11 – 0.23

Income

0.02

-0.03 – 0.08

-0.07 *

-0.13 – -0.00

0.06

-0.00 – 0.13

0.01

-0.05 – 0.06

Religiosity

0.33 ***

0.29 – 0.36

0.44 ***

0.40 – 0.48

0.24 ***

0.20 – 0.29

0.34 ***

0.30 – 0.37

Education

-0.09

-0.20 – 0.01

-0.13 *

-0.25 – -0.02

0.07

-0.05 – 0.19

-0.05

-0.15 – 0.05

Observations

1500

1500

1500

1500

R2 / adj. R2

.362 / .359

.398 / .396

.290 / .287

.395 / .393

Notes

* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

2.2 Religiosity

Figure X. Gender-specific & Religiosity

## [1] 0.04

2.3 Religious Affiliation

Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Religious Affiliation

Gender-specific as grouped by Religious Affiliation

Religious Affiliation	N	Mean	SD
Atheist/Agnostic	230	-0.38	1.05
No religion	195	-0.18	0.94
Jewish	52	0.06	1.01
Christian	1014	0.12	0.98
Muslim	9	0.20	0.75

2.4 Religious Affiliation & Religiosity

Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Religious Affiliation

Association between Gender-specific and Religiosity, grouped by Religious Affiliation

Religious Affiliation	\(\rho_{Spearman}\)
Jewish	0.03
No religion	0.04
Atheist/Agnostic	0.04
Christian	0.13

2.5 Religiosity & Political Orientation

Figure X. Gender-specific & Religiosity & Political Orientation

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3 Consequences of Gender-specific

3.1 Candidate Preferences

Figure X. Gender-specific & Candidate Preferences

Candidate Preferences and Gender-specific [centered]

Candidate Preference	N	Mean	SD
Bernie Sanders	362	-0.56	0.97
Hillary Clinton	371	-0.28	0.89
Gary Johnson	68	-0.10	1.00
Rand Paul	44	0.35	0.82
Donald Trump	444	0.43	0.89
Jeb Bush	83	0.46	0.76
Ted Cruz	122	0.54	0.83

Candidate Preferences and Gender-specific [raw means]

Candidate Preferences	N	Mean	SD	Range
Bernie Sanders	362	4.67	1.32	1-9
Hillary Clinton	371	5.06	1.21	1-9
Gary Johnson	68	5.31	1.37	1-9
Rand Paul	44	5.91	1.12	1-9
Donald Trump	444	6.03	1.22	1-9
Jeb Bush	83	6.06	1.04	1-9
Ted Cruz	122	6.18	1.13	1-9

Figure X. Gender-specific & Candidate Preferences

3.2 Party Preferences

Figure X. Gender-specific & Party Preferences

Party Preferences and Gender-specific [centered]

Party Preference	N	Mean	SD
Green Party	40	-1.05	1.06
Democratic Party	560	-0.40	0.91
Don’t know	90	-0.14	0.85
None	120	-0.06	0.87
Libertarian Party	100	0.02	1.15
Constitution Party	14	0.14	0.78
Republican Party	508	0.44	0.86
Tea Party	68	0.80	0.80

Party Preferences and Gender-specific [raw means]

Party Preferences	N	Mean	SD	Range
Green Party	40	4.00	1.45	1-9
Democratic Party	560	4.90	1.25	1-9
Don’t know	90	5.24	1.17	1-9
None	120	5.36	1.19	1-9
Libertarian Party	100	5.46	1.57	1-9
Constitution Party	14	5.62	1.07	1-9
Republican Party	508	6.04	1.17	1-9
Tea Party	68	6.52	1.09	1-9

3.3 Voting

2016 [Trump vs. Clinton]

2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters

2012 [Romney vs. Obama]

2008 [McCain vs. Obama]

Odds Ratio

CI

Odds Ratio

CI

Odds Ratio

CI

Odds Ratio

CI

(Intercept)

75.45 ***

39.63 – 148.30

71.19 ***

37.86 – 138.05

117.74 ***

61.61 – 232.25

124.93 ***

64.59 – 249.62

Gender-specific

0.46 ***

0.41 – 0.51

0.46 ***

0.41 – 0.52

0.43 ***

0.38 – 0.49

0.43 ***

0.38 – 0.48

Observations

1103

1148

1236

1206

Notes

* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

3.3.1 Party Identity

Figure X. Gender-specific & Party Identity

Figure X. Gender-specific, Party Identity and Voting

Tables meant for checking the number of observations in each category of the above graph.

Party Identity & Voting

	Donald Trump	Hilary Clinton
Strong Democrat	4	323
Democrat	27	129
Leaning Democrat	10	65
Independent	17	16
Leaning Republican	58	7
Republican	166	24
Strong Republican	282	7

3.3.2 Party Identity

3.3.2.1 with both representative (N = 1500) and convinience (2119) samples.

Figure X. Gender-specific, Party Identity and Voting

Tables meant for checking the number of observations in each category of the above graph.

Party Identity and Party Identity & Voting [N = 3619]

	Donald Trump	Hilary Clinton
Strong Democrat	6	649
Democrat	58	307
Leaning Democrat	18	196
Independent	70	46
Leaning Republican	181	15
Republican	440	57
Strong Republican	748	12

3.3.3 Voting & Party Identity

Figure X. Gender-specific & Party Identity & Voting Preferences

		2016 [Clinton vs. Trump]			2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters
		Odds Ratio	CI		Odds Ratio	CI
(Intercept)		43.865 ***	15.882 – 128.682		42.138 ***	16.152 – 116.080
Party Identity		0.007 ***	0.004 – 0.011		0.009 ***	0.005 – 0.013
Gender-specific		0.796 *	0.656 – 0.964		0.776 **	0.647 – 0.929
Observations		1103			1148
Notes	* p<.05   ** p<.01   *** p<.001

3.4 Likeability

3.4.1 Trump’s Likebility

Figure X. Gender-specific & Trump’s Likebility

3.4.2 Clinton’s Likebility

Figure X. Gender-specific & Clinton’s Likebility

## [1] 0.08962298

## [1] 0.08962298

3.4.3 Johnson’s Likebility

Figure X. Gender-specific & Johnson’s Likebility

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3.4.3.1 XXX