1 Antecedents of System Justification

1.1 Social Class

Figure X. General System Justification as grouped by SES

General System Justification as grouped by SES
SES	N	Mean	SD
Poor	38	-0.44	0.91
Lower Middle Class	298	-0.26	0.96
Middle Middle Class	679	-0.06	1.03
Upper Middle Class	395	0.24	0.92
Rich	90	0.40	0.90

1.2 Gender

Figure X. General System Justification as grouped by Gender

General System Justification as grouped by Gender
Gender	N	Mean	SD
Female	760	-0.19	0.99
Male	740	0.20	0.97

1.3 Age

Figure X. General System Justification as grouped by Age

General System Justification as grouped by Age
Age	N	Mean	SD
25-34 years	264	-0.36	1.01
18-24 years	193	-0.27	0.99
35-44 years	263	-0.07	1.00
45-54 years	292	-0.05	1.00
55-64 years	234	0.28	0.92
65+	254	0.45	0.83

1.4 Education

Figure X. General System Justification as grouped by Education

General System Justification as grouped by Education
Education	N	Mean	SD
Less than High-school	51	-0.16	0.95
High-school	475	-0.10	1.00
Some college	471	-0.09	1.00
Bachelor	310	0.17	1.00
Graduate	193	0.22	0.96

1.5 Income Levels

Figure X. General System Justification as grouped by Income Levels

General System Justification as grouped by Income Levels
Income Levels	N	Mean	SD
Less than $15,000	178	-0.26	1.00
$15,000-$24,999	180	-0.23	0.99
$35,000-$49,999	227	-0.11	1.01
$25,000-$34,999	176	-0.05	0.98
$50,000-$74,999	292	-0.01	1.03
$75,000-$99,999	192	0.15	0.94
$100,000-$149,999	160	0.37	0.88
$150,000 +	95	0.40	0.92

1.6 Ethnicity

Figure X. General System Justification as grouped by Ethnicity

General System Justification as grouped by Ethnicity
Ethnicity	N	Mean	SD
Other	18	-0.38	0.71
Black/African America	115	-0.34	1.03
Native American	13	-0.27	1.00
Asian/Pacific Islander	29	-0.11	0.86
Caucasian/European origin	1237	0.04	0.99
Latino	88	0.10	1.03

1.7 Occupation

Figure X. General System Justification as grouped by Occupation

General System Justification as grouped by Occupation
Occupation	N	Mean	SD
Student	85	-0.38	0.93
Disabled	98	-0.33	0.93
Unemployed	146	-0.28	1.08
Full-time caregiver	31	-0.15	0.85
Parent	104	-0.12	0.98
Employed	768	0.02	1.00
Retired	268	0.41	0.87

1.8 Area

Figure X. General System Justification as grouped by Area

General System Justification as grouped by Area
Area	N	Mean	SD
Rural	545	-0.01	0.99
Urban	955	0.01	1.00

2 Concomitants of System Justification

2.1 Political Orientation

Figure X. General System Justification & Political Orientation

Political Orientation

Social Political Orientation

Economic Political Orientation

Composite Political Orientation

(Intercept)

3.88 ***

3.40 – 4.37

3.77 ***

3.22 – 4.32

3.74 ***

3.22 – 4.25

3.80 ***

3.32 – 4.28

System Justification

0.28 ***

0.19 – 0.37

0.23 ***

0.12 – 0.33

0.34 ***

0.25 – 0.44

0.28 ***

0.19 – 0.38

Observations

1500

R² / adj. R²

.023 / .022

.012 / .011

.030 / .029

.024 / .024

Notes

* p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001

Political Orientation

Social Political Orientation

Economic Political Orientation

Composite Political Orientation

(Intercept)

2.11 ***

1.58 – 2.64

1.83 ***

1.25 – 2.40

1.75 ***

1.16 – 2.34

1.90 ***

1.38 – 2.41

System Justification

0.11 *

0.03 – 0.20

0.06

-0.04 – 0.15

0.16 ***

0.07 – 0.26

0.11 **

0.03 – 0.19

Age

0.22 ***

0.14 – 0.29

0.23 ***

0.15 – 0.30

0.22 ***

0.14 – 0.30

0.22 ***

0.15 – 0.29

Income

0.08 **

0.02 – 0.14

0.00

-0.06 – 0.07

0.13 ***

0.06 – 0.19

0.07 *

0.01 – 0.13

Religiosity

0.38 ***

0.34 – 0.42

0.50 ***

0.45 – 0.54

0.30 ***

0.25 – 0.34

0.39 ***

0.35 – 0.43

Education

-0.14 *

-0.26 – -0.03

-0.19 **

-0.31 – -0.06

0.01

-0.12 – 0.14

-0.11

-0.22 – 0.01

Observations

1500

R² / adj. R²

.246 / .244

.301 / .299

.173 / .170

.268 / .265

Notes

* p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001

2.2 Religiosity

Figure X. General System Justification & Religiosity

2.3 Religious Affiliation

Figure X. General System Justification as grouped by Religious Affiliation

General System Justification as grouped by Religious Affiliation
Religious Affiliation	N	Mean	SD
Atheist/Agnostic	230	-0.29	1.04
Muslim	9	-0.16	1.29
No religion	195	-0.15	1.03
Christian	1014	0.08	0.97
Jewish	52	0.42	0.98

2.4 Religious Affiliation & Religiosity

Figure X. General System Justification as grouped by Religious Affiliation

Association between General System Justification and Religiosity, grouped by Religious Affiliation
Religious Affiliation	$\rho_{Spearman}$
Atheist/Agnostic	-0.03
Christian	0.03
No religion	0.07
Jewish	0.08

2.5 Religiosity & Political Orientation

Figure X. General System Justification & Religiosity & Political Orientation

3 Consequences of System Justification

3.1 Candidate Preferences

Figure X. General System Justification & Candidate Preferences

Candidate Preferences and General System Justification [centered]
Candidate Preference	N	Mean	SD
Bernie Sanders	362	-0.45	1.03
Rand Paul	44	-0.15	1.04
Gary Johnson	68	-0.10	1.03
Donald Trump	444	0.10	0.96
Ted Cruz	122	0.12	0.83
Hillary Clinton	371	0.21	0.96
Jeb Bush	83	0.44	0.78

Candidate Preferences and General System Justification [raw means]
Candidate Preferences	N	Mean	SD	Range
Bernie Sanders	362	4.47	1.36	1-9
Rand Paul	44	4.86	1.38	1-9
Gary Johnson	68	4.93	1.36	1-9
Donald Trump	444	5.19	1.27	1-9
Ted Cruz	122	5.22	1.09	1-9
Hillary Clinton	371	5.34	1.27	1-9
Jeb Bush	83	5.64	1.04	1-9

Figure X. General System Justification & Candidate Preferences

3.2 Party Preferences

Figure X. General System Justification & Party Preferences

Party Preferences and General System Justification [centered]
Party Preference	N	Mean	SD
Green Party	40	-0.87	1.21
Constitution Party	14	-0.35	0.92
Libertarian Party	100	-0.29	0.96
None	120	-0.24	0.92
Don’t know	90	-0.19	1.00
Democratic Party	560	-0.01	1.03
Tea Party	68	0.12	0.87
Republican Party	508	0.22	0.92

Party Preferences and General System Justification [raw means]
Party Preferences	N	Mean	SD	Range
Green Party	40	3.92	1.60	1-9
Constitution Party	14	4.60	1.21	1-9
Libertarian Party	100	4.68	1.27	1-9
None	120	4.74	1.22	1-9
Don’t know	90	4.81	1.32	1-9
Democratic Party	560	5.05	1.36	1-9
Tea Party	68	5.21	1.15	1-9
Republican Party	508	5.35	1.22	1-9

3.3 Voting

2016 [Trump vs. Clinton]

2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters

2012 [Romney vs. Obama]

2008 [McCain vs. Obama]

Odds Ratio

(Intercept)

1.19

0.74 – 1.93

1.14

0.71 – 1.82

3.36 ***

2.11 – 5.39

3.23 ***

2.01 – 5.24

System Justification

0.97

0.89 – 1.06

0.98

0.89 – 1.07

0.81 ***

0.74 – 0.89

0.82 ***

0.75 – 0.90

Observations

1103

1148

1236

1206

Notes

* p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001

3.3.1 Party Identity

Figure X. General System Justification & Party Identity

Figure X. General System Justification, Party Identity and Voting

Tables meant for checking the number of observations in each category of the above graph.

Party Identity & Voting
	Donald Trump	Hilary Clinton
Strong Democrat	4	323
Democrat	27	129
Leaning Democrat	10	65
Independent	17	16
Leaning Republican	58	7
Republican	166	24
Strong Republican	282	7

3.3.2 Party Identity

3.3.2.1 with both representative (N = 1500) and convinience (2119) samples.

Figure X. General System Justification, Party Identity and Voting

Tables meant for checking the number of observations in each category of the above graph.

Party Identity and Party Identity & Voting [N = 3619]
	Donald Trump	Hilary Clinton
Strong Democrat	6	649
Democrat	58	307
Leaning Democrat	18	196
Independent	70	46
Leaning Republican	181	15
Republican	440	57
Strong Republican	748	12

3.3.3 Voting & Party Identity

Figure X. General System Justification & Party Identity & Voting Preferences

		2016 [Clinton vs. Trump]		2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters
		Odds Ratio	CI	Odds Ratio	CI
(Intercept)		2.291	0.955 – 5.676	1.940	0.855 – 4.506
Party Identity		0.004 ***	0.002 – 0.007	0.005 ***	0.003 – 0.008
System Justification		1.466 ***	1.220 – 1.770	1.466 ***	1.235 – 1.748
Observations		1103		1148
Notes	* p<.05 p<.01 * p<.001

3.4 Likeability

3.4.1 Trump’s Likebility

Figure X. General System Justification & Trump’s Likebility

3.4.2 Clinton’s Likebility

Figure X. General System Justification & Clinton’s Likebility

3.4.3 Johnson’s Likebility

Figure X. General System Justification & Johnson’s Likebility

Chapter X. General System Justification

John Jost and Flavio Azevedo

30 April, 2018

1 Antecedents of System Justification

1.2 Gender

1.3 Age

1.4 Education

1.5 Income Levels

1.6 Ethnicity

1.7 Occupation

1.8 Area

2 Concomitants of System Justification

2.1 Political Orientation

2.2 Religiosity

2.3 Religious Affiliation

2.4 Religious Affiliation & Religiosity

2.5 Religiosity & Political Orientation

3 Consequences of System Justification

3.1 Candidate Preferences

3.2 Party Preferences

3.3 Voting

3.3.1 Party Identity

3.3.2 Party Identity

3.3.2.1 with both representative (N = 1500) and convinience (2119) samples.

3.3.3 Voting & Party Identity

3.4 Likeability

3.4.1 Trump’s Likebility

3.4.2 Clinton’s Likebility

3.4.3 Johnson’s Likebility

3.4.3.1 XXX