Chapter X. Gender-specific
John Jost and Flavio Azevedo
24 September, 2018
1 Antecedents of Gender-specific
1.2 Gender
Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Gender
| Gender | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 760 | -0.29 | 1.00 |
| Male | 740 | 0.29 | 0.91 |
1.3 Age
Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Age
| Age | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25-34 years | 264 | -0.32 | 0.97 |
| 18-24 years | 193 | -0.10 | 1.04 |
| 35-44 years | 263 | -0.05 | 1.05 |
| 45-54 years | 292 | -0.01 | 0.98 |
| 55-64 years | 234 | 0.08 | 0.94 |
| 65+ | 254 | 0.39 | 0.88 |
1.4 Education
Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Education
| Education | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Some college | 471 | -0.04 | 1.01 |
| High-school | 475 | -0.03 | 0.96 |
| Less than High-school | 51 | -0.03 | 0.98 |
| Bachelor | 310 | 0.05 | 1.03 |
| Graduate | 193 | 0.09 | 1.02 |
1.5 Income Levels
Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Income Levels
| Income Levels | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Less than $15,000 | 178 | -0.24 | 1.03 |
| $15,000-$24,999 | 180 | -0.18 | 0.97 |
| $25,000-$34,999 | 176 | -0.08 | 0.98 |
| $35,000-$49,999 | 227 | -0.04 | 1.01 |
| $50,000-$74,999 | 292 | -0.01 | 1.00 |
| $75,000-$99,999 | 192 | 0.12 | 0.96 |
| $100,000-$149,999 | 160 | 0.24 | 0.96 |
| $150,000 + | 95 | 0.42 | 0.97 |
1.6 Ethnicity
Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Ethnicity
| Ethnicity | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Black/African America | 115 | -0.53 | 0.92 |
| Native American | 13 | -0.22 | 1.09 |
| Other | 18 | -0.21 | 0.73 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 29 | -0.11 | 0.93 |
| Latino | 88 | -0.09 | 0.88 |
| Caucasian/European origin | 1237 | 0.06 | 1.00 |
1.7 Occupation
Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Occupation
| Occupation | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Student | 85 | -0.30 | 1.04 |
| Unemployed | 146 | -0.22 | 1.09 |
| Disabled | 98 | -0.13 | 1.03 |
| Full-time caregiver | 31 | -0.12 | 0.80 |
| Parent | 104 | -0.08 | 0.99 |
| Employed | 768 | 0.00 | 1.01 |
| Retired | 268 | 0.30 | 0.85 |
1.8 Area
Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Area
| Area | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urban | 955 | -0.05 | 1.01 |
| Rural | 545 | 0.09 | 0.97 |
2 Concomitants of Gender-specific
2.1 Political Orientation
Figure X. Gender-specific & Political Orientation
Figure X. Gender-specific & Political Orientation
## [1] 0.23| Political Orientation | Social Political Orientation | Economic Political Orientation | Composite Political Orientation | |||||||||
| B | CI | B | CI | B | CI | B | CI | |||||
| (Intercept) | 0.86 *** | 0.41 – 1.32 | 0.29 | -0.23 – 0.81 | 0.79 ** | 0.30 – 1.28 | 0.65 ** | 0.20 – 1.09 | ||||
| Gender-specific | 0.82 *** | 0.74 – 0.90 | 0.85 *** | 0.76 – 0.95 | 0.86 *** | 0.77 – 0.95 | 0.84 *** | 0.77 – 0.92 | ||||
| Observations | 1500 | 1500 | 1500 | 1500 | ||||||||
| R2 / adj. R2 | .207 / .206 | .178 / .178 | .200 / .200 | .226 / .226 | ||||||||
| Notes | * p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001 | |||||||||||
| Political Orientation | Social Political Orientation | Economic Political Orientation | Composite Political Orientation | |||||||||
| B | CI | B | CI | B | CI | B | CI | |||||
| (Intercept) | -0.29 | -0.79 – 0.22 | -0.83 ** | -1.39 – -0.28 | -0.72 * | -1.29 – -0.15 | -0.61 * | -1.10 – -0.13 | ||||
| Gender-specific | 0.65 *** | 0.57 – 0.72 | 0.66 *** | 0.58 – 0.74 | 0.71 *** | 0.62 – 0.79 | 0.67 *** | 0.60 – 0.74 | ||||
| Age | 0.17 *** | 0.10 – 0.23 | 0.17 *** | 0.10 – 0.24 | 0.17 *** | 0.10 – 0.24 | 0.17 *** | 0.11 – 0.23 | ||||
| Income | 0.02 | -0.03 – 0.08 | -0.07 * | -0.13 – -0.00 | 0.06 | -0.00 – 0.13 | 0.01 | -0.05 – 0.06 | ||||
| Religiosity | 0.33 *** | 0.29 – 0.36 | 0.44 *** | 0.40 – 0.48 | 0.24 *** | 0.20 – 0.29 | 0.34 *** | 0.30 – 0.37 | ||||
| Education | -0.09 | -0.20 – 0.01 | -0.13 * | -0.25 – -0.02 | 0.07 | -0.05 – 0.19 | -0.05 | -0.15 – 0.05 | ||||
| Observations | 1500 | 1500 | 1500 | 1500 | ||||||||
| R2 / adj. R2 | .362 / .359 | .398 / .396 | .290 / .287 | .395 / .393 | ||||||||
| Notes | * p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001 | |||||||||||
2.2 Religiosity
Figure X. Gender-specific & Religiosity
## [1] 0.042.3 Religious Affiliation
Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Religious Affiliation
| Religious Affiliation | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atheist/Agnostic | 230 | -0.38 | 1.05 |
| No religion | 195 | -0.18 | 0.94 |
| Jewish | 52 | 0.06 | 1.01 |
| Christian | 1014 | 0.12 | 0.98 |
| Muslim | 9 | 0.20 | 0.75 |
2.4 Religious Affiliation & Religiosity
Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by Religious Affiliation
| Religious Affiliation | ρSpearman |
|---|---|
| Jewish | 0.03 |
| No religion | 0.04 |
| Atheist/Agnostic | 0.04 |
| Christian | 0.13 |
2.5 Religiosity & Political Orientation
Figure X. Gender-specific & Religiosity & Political Orientation
3 Consequences of Gender-specific
3.1 Candidate Preferences
Figure X. Gender-specific & Candidate Preferences
| Candidate Preference | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bernie Sanders | 362 | -0.56 | 0.97 |
| Hillary Clinton | 371 | -0.28 | 0.89 |
| Gary Johnson | 68 | -0.10 | 1.00 |
| Rand Paul | 44 | 0.35 | 0.82 |
| Donald Trump | 444 | 0.43 | 0.89 |
| Jeb Bush | 83 | 0.46 | 0.76 |
| Ted Cruz | 122 | 0.54 | 0.83 |
| Candidate Preferences | N | Mean | SD | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bernie Sanders | 362 | 4.67 | 1.32 | 1-9 |
| Hillary Clinton | 371 | 5.06 | 1.21 | 1-9 |
| Gary Johnson | 68 | 5.31 | 1.37 | 1-9 |
| Rand Paul | 44 | 5.91 | 1.12 | 1-9 |
| Donald Trump | 444 | 6.03 | 1.22 | 1-9 |
| Jeb Bush | 83 | 6.06 | 1.04 | 1-9 |
| Ted Cruz | 122 | 6.18 | 1.13 | 1-9 |
Figure X. Gender-specific & Candidate Preferences
3.2 Party Preferences
Figure X. Gender-specific & Party Preferences
| Party Preference | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Green Party | 40 | -1.05 | 1.06 |
| Democratic Party | 560 | -0.40 | 0.91 |
| Don’t know | 90 | -0.14 | 0.85 |
| None | 120 | -0.06 | 0.87 |
| Libertarian Party | 100 | 0.02 | 1.15 |
| Constitution Party | 14 | 0.14 | 0.78 |
| Republican Party | 508 | 0.44 | 0.86 |
| Tea Party | 68 | 0.80 | 0.80 |
| Party Preferences | N | Mean | SD | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Green Party | 40 | 4.00 | 1.45 | 1-9 |
| Democratic Party | 560 | 4.90 | 1.25 | 1-9 |
| Don’t know | 90 | 5.24 | 1.17 | 1-9 |
| None | 120 | 5.36 | 1.19 | 1-9 |
| Libertarian Party | 100 | 5.46 | 1.57 | 1-9 |
| Constitution Party | 14 | 5.62 | 1.07 | 1-9 |
| Republican Party | 508 | 6.04 | 1.17 | 1-9 |
| Tea Party | 68 | 6.52 | 1.09 | 1-9 |
3.3 Voting
| 2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] | 2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters | 2012 [Romney vs. Obama] | 2008 [McCain vs. Obama] | |||||||||
| Odds Ratio | CI | Odds Ratio | CI | Odds Ratio | CI | Odds Ratio | CI | |||||
| (Intercept) | 75.45 *** | 39.63 – 148.30 | 71.19 *** | 37.86 – 138.05 | 117.74 *** | 61.61 – 232.25 | 124.93 *** | 64.59 – 249.62 | ||||
| Gender-specific | 0.46 *** | 0.41 – 0.51 | 0.46 *** | 0.41 – 0.52 | 0.43 *** | 0.38 – 0.49 | 0.43 *** | 0.38 – 0.48 | ||||
| Observations | 1103 | 1148 | 1236 | 1206 | ||||||||
| Notes | * p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001 | |||||||||||
3.3.1 Party Identity
Figure X. Gender-specific & Party Identity
Figure X. Gender-specific, Party Identity and Voting
Tables meant for checking the number of observations in each category of the above graph.
| Donald Trump | Hilary Clinton | |
|---|---|---|
| Strong Democrat | 4 | 323 |
| Democrat | 27 | 129 |
| Leaning Democrat | 10 | 65 |
| Independent | 17 | 16 |
| Leaning Republican | 58 | 7 |
| Republican | 166 | 24 |
| Strong Republican | 282 | 7 |
3.3.2 Party Identity
3.3.2.1 with both representative (N = 1500) and convinience (2119) samples.
Figure X. Gender-specific, Party Identity and Voting
Tables meant for checking the number of observations in each category of the above graph.
| Donald Trump | Hilary Clinton | |
|---|---|---|
| Strong Democrat | 6 | 649 |
| Democrat | 58 | 307 |
| Leaning Democrat | 18 | 196 |
| Independent | 70 | 46 |
| Leaning Republican | 181 | 15 |
| Republican | 440 | 57 |
| Strong Republican | 748 | 12 |
3.3.3 Voting & Party Identity
Figure X. Gender-specific & Party Identity & Voting Preferences
| 2016 [Clinton vs. Trump] | 2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters | |||||
| Odds Ratio | CI | Odds Ratio | CI | |||
| (Intercept) | 43.865 *** | 15.882 – 128.682 | 42.138 *** | 16.152 – 116.080 | ||
| Party Identity | 0.007 *** | 0.004 – 0.011 | 0.009 *** | 0.005 – 0.013 | ||
| Gender-specific | 0.796 * | 0.656 – 0.964 | 0.776 ** | 0.647 – 0.929 | ||
| Observations | 1103 | 1148 | ||||
| Notes | * p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001 | |||||
3.4 Likeability
3.4.1 Trump’s Likebility
Figure X. Gender-specific & Trump’s Likebility
3.4.2 Clinton’s Likebility
Figure X. Gender-specific & Clinton’s Likebility
## [1] 0.08962298## [1] 0.089622983.4.3 Johnson’s Likebility
Figure X. Gender-specific & Johnson’s Likebility
1.1 Social Class
Figure X. Gender-specific as grouped by SES