PPBS

Justice Sensitivity [2016]

A Politico-Psychological Analysis

Report generated

March 23, 2026

1 Study Characteristics

1.1 Items: Justice Sensitivity

1.2 Sample

N=1500

To conduct a exploratory and a confirmatory large surveys during the general election, we hired a professional survey firm (SSI, a US-based market research company that recruits participants from a panel of 7,139,027 American citizens; more information can be found at www.surveysampling.com (now https://www.dynata.com/) to recruit a nationally representative sample of 1,500 Americans (50.7% women) who completed study materials during the general election from August 16-September 9, 2016. (Information about sampling and exclusion criteria is included in the Supplement). The age distribution was as follows: 18-24 (12.9%), 25-34 (17.6%), 35-44 (17.5%), 45-54 (19.5%), 55-65 (15.6%) and older than 65 (16.9%). The ethnic breakdown was: White/European American (82.5%), Black/African American (7.7%), Latino (5.9%) and “Other” (4.0%). Concerning religion, 67.6% identified as Christian, 17.1% as religiously affiliated but not Christian, and 15.3% as Atheist/Agnostic. With respect to education 35.1% indicated “high school only or lower,” 31.4 % indicated “some college,” and 33.6% indicated having received a “Bachelor” or “Graduate” degree. 2424 participants were directed to the survey, 1885 of which finished the survey (attrition rate 22%).

We followed recommendations to minimize the problem of careless responding in online studies. Specifically, we employed 10 random attention questions and time controls to check for data quality. There were 385 participants who failed more than one attention check or finished the survey in under ~22 minutes and were therefore excluded from the sample. For the 1500 participants who successfully finished the survey, completion time was 67 minutes on average (MD: 51min).

2 Descriptives

2.1 Means, SD, Range, & SE

Table 1: Descriptives
Descriptives for Justice Sensitivity
mean sd median se
Victim_Perspective_mean 2.17 1.44 2.0 0.04
Observer_Perspective_mean 2.73 1.35 3.0 0.03
Beneficiary_Perspective_mean 1.87 1.44 2.0 0.04
Perpetrator_Perspective_mean 3.23 1.50 3.5 0.04
JS 2.50 1.09 2.5 0.03
Note:
n = 1500, min = 0, max = 5
Table 2: Descriptives – Item Level
Descriptives for Justice Sensitivity at Item Level
mean sd median
Victim_Perspective1 2.11 1.58 2.0
Victim_Perspective2 2.22 1.60 2.0
Observer_Perspective1 2.99 1.48 3.0
Observer_Perspective2 2.46 1.55 2.5
Beneficiary_Perspective1 1.91 1.55 2.0
Beneficiary_Perspective2 1.84 1.51 2.0
Perpetrator_Perspective1 3.20 1.59 3.0
Perpetrator_Perspective2 3.26 1.60 3.0
JS 2.50 1.09 2.5
Victim_Perspective_mean 2.17 1.44 2.0
Observer_Perspective_mean 2.73 1.35 3.0
Beneficiary_Perspective_mean 1.87 1.44 2.0
Perpetrator_Perspective_mean 3.23 1.50 3.5
Note:
All items: n = 1500, min = 0, max = 5, se = 0.04. JS: min = 0, max = 5, se = 0.03. Victim_Perspective_mean: min = 0, max = 5, se = 0.04. Observer_Perspective_mean: min = 0, max = 5, se = 0.03. Beneficiary_Perspective_mean: min = 0, max = 5, se = 0.04. Perpetrator_Perspective_mean: min = 0, max = 5, se = 0.04

2.2 Response Distribution

Figure 1: Proportion of each facet of Justice Sensitivity at item level: Victim_Perspective
Figure 2: Proportion of each facet of Justice Sensitivity at item level: Observer_Perspective
Figure 3: Proportion of each facet of Justice Sensitivity at item level: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 4: Proportion of each facet of Justice Sensitivity at item level: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 5: Victim_Perspective
Figure 6: Observer_Perspective
Figure 7: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 8: Perpetrator_Perspective

2.3 Correlations

2.3.1 Correlation Plots

Figure 9: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 10: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Victim_Perspective
Figure 11: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Observer_Perspective
Figure 12: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 13: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Perpetrator_Perspective

Note. Upper triangle shows Spearman’s rank-order correlations. *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05.

2.3.2 PIDF

Figure 14: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 15: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Victim_Perspective
Figure 16: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Observer_Perspective
Figure 17: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 18: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Perpetrator_Perspective

Note. Upper triangle shows Spearman’s rank-order correlations by party identity. *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05.

2.3.3 Correlation Matrix

3 Demographics

3.1 Social Class

Figure 19: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 20: Victim_Perspective
Figure 21: Observer_Perspective
Figure 22: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 23: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 24: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 25: Victim_Perspective
Figure 26: Observer_Perspective
Figure 27: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 28: Perpetrator_Perspective

Note on the Raincloud Plots

  • Statistical summary (top): Welch’s t-test (or ANOVA) results, effect size, confidence intervals, p-values, and sample sizes are shown above each plot.
  • Bayesian analysis (bottom): Log Bayes factor and credible intervals are reported below each plot.
Table 3
Table 4: Perpetrator_Perspective as grouped by SES
(a)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 0.22 0.94
Lower Middle Class 298 0.28 1.07
Middle Middle Class 679 0.04 1.02
Upper Middle Class 395 -0.21 0.89
Rich 90 -0.38 0.81
(b)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 0.16 1.07
Lower Middle Class 298 0.29 1.03
Middle Middle Class 679 0.02 1.01
Upper Middle Class 395 -0.19 0.93
Rich 90 -0.41 0.78
(c)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 0.29 1.06
Lower Middle Class 298 0.24 1.03
Middle Middle Class 679 0.02 1.01
Upper Middle Class 395 -0.18 0.93
Rich 90 -0.32 0.88
(d)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 0.09 1.03
Lower Middle Class 298 0.23 1.07
Middle Middle Class 679 0.06 1.03
Upper Middle Class 395 -0.22 0.87
Rich 90 -0.28 0.79
(e)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 0.14 0.95
Lower Middle Class 298 0.10 1.02
Middle Middle Class 679 0.00 1.01
Upper Middle Class 395 -0.06 0.99
Rich 90 -0.16 0.91

3.2 Gender

Figure 29: Justice Sensitivity Facets, as grouped by Gender: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 30: Justice Sensitivity Facets, as grouped by Gender: Victim_Perspective
Figure 31: Justice Sensitivity Facets, as grouped by Gender: Observer_Perspective
Figure 32: Justice Sensitivity Facets, as grouped by Gender: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 33: Justice Sensitivity Facets, as grouped by Gender: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 34: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 35: Victim_Perspective
Figure 36: Observer_Perspective
Figure 37: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 38: Perpetrator_Perspective
Table 5
Table 6: Perpetrator_Perspective as grouped by Gender
(a)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.23 0.94
Male 740 -0.24 1.00
(b)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.16 0.99
Male 740 -0.17 0.99
(c)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.23 0.96
Male 740 -0.23 0.99
(d)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.19 1.01
Male 740 -0.19 0.95
(e)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.12 0.97
Male 740 -0.13 1.01

3.3 Age

Figure 39: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 40: Victim_Perspective
Figure 41: Observer_Perspective
Figure 42: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 43: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 44: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 45: Victim_Perspective
Figure 46: Observer_Perspective
Figure 47: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 48: Perpetrator_Perspective
Table 7
Table 8: Perpetrator_Perspective as grouped by Age
(a)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 0.28 1.08
25-34 years 264 0.36 0.90
35-44 years 263 0.11 1.02
45-54 years 292 -0.03 1.01
55-64 years 234 -0.18 0.88
65+ 254 -0.50 0.86
(b)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 0.30 0.94
25-34 years 264 0.42 0.94
35-44 years 263 0.13 1.02
45-54 years 292 -0.04 1.00
55-64 years 234 -0.24 0.97
65+ 254 -0.53 0.79
(c)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 0.24 1.06
25-34 years 264 0.35 0.85
35-44 years 263 0.11 1.01
45-54 years 292 -0.08 1.02
55-64 years 234 -0.14 0.94
65+ 254 -0.44 0.91
(d)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 0.37 1.06
25-34 years 264 0.33 0.99
35-44 years 263 0.11 1.03
45-54 years 292 -0.08 0.99
55-64 years 234 -0.22 0.88
65+ 254 -0.45 0.79
(e)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 -0.03 1.00
25-34 years 264 -0.01 0.98
35-44 years 263 -0.01 1.04
45-54 years 292 0.10 1.01
55-64 years 234 0.05 0.94
65+ 254 -0.12 1.02

3.4 Education

Figure 49: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 50: Victim_Perspective
Figure 51: Observer_Perspective
Figure 52: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 53: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 54: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 55: Victim_Perspective
Figure 56: Observer_Perspective
Figure 57: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 58: Perpetrator_Perspective
Table 9
Table 10: Perpetrator_Perspective as grouped by Education
(a)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.40 1.21
High School 475 0.08 1.04
Some College 471 0.09 1.00
Bachelor 310 -0.22 0.92
Graduate 193 -0.17 0.87
(b)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.43 1.17
High School 475 0.12 1.04
Some College 471 0.01 0.99
Bachelor 310 -0.17 0.92
Graduate 193 -0.15 0.93
(c)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.43 1.02
High School 475 0.06 1.06
Some College 471 0.07 0.98
Bachelor 310 -0.17 0.96
Graduate 193 -0.19 0.90
(d)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.22 1.13
High School 475 0.11 1.05
Some College 471 0.09 1.03
Bachelor 310 -0.22 0.88
Graduate 193 -0.18 0.87
(e)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.14 1.07
High School 475 -0.04 1.03
Some College 471 0.10 0.99
Bachelor 310 -0.10 1.00
Graduate 193 -0.02 0.94

3.5 Income Levels

Figure 59: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 60: Victim_Perspective
Figure 61: Observer_Perspective
Figure 62: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 63: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 64: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 65: Victim_Perspective
Figure 66: Observer_Perspective
Figure 67: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 68: Perpetrator_Perspective
Table 11
Table 12: Perpetrator_Perspective as grouped by Income Levels
(a)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 0.23 1.05
$15,000-$24,999 180 0.15 1.02
$25,000-$34,999 176 0.04 1.00
$35,000-$49,999 227 0.09 0.99
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.05 1.00
$75,000-$99,999 192 -0.05 1.00
$100,000-$149,999 160 -0.32 0.79
$150,000 + 95 -0.50 0.92
(b)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 0.23 1.04
$15,000-$24,999 180 0.14 1.02
$25,000-$34,999 176 0.05 0.99
$35,000-$49,999 227 0.08 1.01
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.06 0.99
$75,000-$99,999 192 -0.03 1.01
$100,000-$149,999 160 -0.29 0.87
$150,000 + 95 -0.61 0.76
(c)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 0.19 1.07
$15,000-$24,999 180 0.12 1.03
$25,000-$34,999 176 0.08 1.00
$35,000-$49,999 227 0.05 0.96
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.03 0.97
$75,000-$99,999 192 -0.05 1.04
$100,000-$149,999 160 -0.26 0.86
$150,000 + 95 -0.42 0.95
(d)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 0.17 1.04
$15,000-$24,999 180 0.14 1.03
$25,000-$34,999 176 0.03 1.06
$35,000-$49,999 227 0.05 1.01
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.05 1.01
$75,000-$99,999 192 -0.04 0.97
$100,000-$149,999 160 -0.29 0.85
$150,000 + 95 -0.33 0.86
(e)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 0.11 0.98
$15,000-$24,999 180 0.04 1.04
$25,000-$34,999 176 -0.04 0.99
$35,000-$49,999 227 0.08 0.97
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.03 0.99
$75,000-$99,999 192 -0.04 1.02
$100,000-$149,999 160 -0.14 0.95
$150,000 + 95 -0.16 1.07

3.6 Ethnicity

Figure 69: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 70: Victim_Perspective
Figure 71: Observer_Perspective
Figure 72: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 73: Perpetrator_Perspective

Note on the Okabe-Ito color palette. The Okabe-Ito color palette (seen above) is a set of colorblind-friendly categorical colors available in R. We are using this palette for graphs with non-ordered variables (e.g., groups, categories) for accessibility.

Figure 74: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 75: Victim_Perspective
Figure 76: Observer_Perspective
Figure 77: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 78: Perpetrator_Perspective
Table 13
Table 14: Perpetrator_Perspective as grouped by Ethnicity
(a)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.04 1.00
Black/African American 115 0.17 0.95
Latino 88 0.19 1.00
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 0.17 0.99
Native American 13 0.14 1.40
Other 18 0.18 0.95
(b)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.03 0.99
Black/African American 115 0.09 1.06
Latino 88 0.25 0.99
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 0.22 0.91
Native American 13 0.39 1.07
Other 18 -0.16 0.93
(c)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.05 1.00
Black/African American 115 0.23 0.97
Latino 88 0.28 0.97
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 0.15 0.96
Native American 13 0.23 1.25
Other 18 0.24 0.97
(d)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.03 0.99
Black/African American 115 0.08 0.99
Latino 88 0.24 1.06
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 0.29 1.07
Native American 13 0.01 1.33
Other 18 -0.07 1.04
(e)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 0.00 1.00
Black/African American 115 0.12 1.03
Latino 88 -0.16 0.95
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 -0.13 0.92
Native American 13 -0.18 1.33
Other 18 0.51 0.81

3.7 Occupation

Figure 79: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 80: Victim_Perspective
Figure 81: Observer_Perspective
Figure 82: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 83: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 84: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 85: Victim_Perspective
Figure 86: Observer_Perspective
Figure 87: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 88: Perpetrator_Perspective
Table 15
Table 16: Perpetrator_Perspective as grouped by Occupation
(a)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 -0.01 0.96
Retired 268 -0.40 0.84
Unemployed 146 0.24 1.09
Parent 104 0.28 1.07
Disabled 98 0.17 0.98
Student 85 0.39 1.15
Full-time caregiver 31 0.10 1.00
(b)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 0.02 0.97
Retired 268 -0.48 0.85
Unemployed 146 0.25 1.08
Parent 104 0.29 1.07
Disabled 98 0.15 1.06
Student 85 0.37 0.92
Full-time caregiver 31 0.06 0.92
(c)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 -0.02 0.97
Retired 268 -0.35 0.91
Unemployed 146 0.27 0.97
Parent 104 0.21 1.11
Disabled 98 0.17 1.02
Student 85 0.34 1.12
Full-time caregiver 31 0.09 1.01
(d)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 -0.01 0.97
Retired 268 -0.37 0.81
Unemployed 146 0.22 1.07
Parent 104 0.24 1.14
Disabled 98 0.06 1.06
Student 85 0.42 1.11
Full-time caregiver 31 0.28 0.91
(e)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 -0.02 0.99
Retired 268 -0.04 0.96
Unemployed 146 -0.01 1.13
Parent 104 0.12 0.95
Disabled 98 0.14 0.99
Student 85 0.06 1.02
Full-time caregiver 31 -0.12 1.09

3.8 Area

Figure 89: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 90: Victim_Perspective
Figure 91: Observer_Perspective
Figure 92: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 93: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 94: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 95: Victim_Perspective
Figure 96: Observer_Perspective
Figure 97: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 98: Perpetrator_Perspective
Table 17
Table 18: Perpetrator_Perspective as grouped by Area
(a)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 0.03 0.98
Rural 545 -0.05 1.03
(b)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 0.03 0.99
Rural 545 -0.04 1.02
(c)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 0.06 0.99
Rural 545 -0.10 1.01
(d)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 0.00 1.00
Rural 545 -0.01 1.01
(e)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 0.01 0.98
Rural 545 -0.01 1.03

3.9 Religious Affiliation

Figure 99: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 100: Victim_Perspective
Figure 101: Observer_Perspective
Figure 102: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 103: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 104: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 105: Victim_Perspective
Figure 106: Observer_Perspective
Figure 107: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 108: Perpetrator_Perspective
Table 19
Table 20: Perpetrator_Perspective as grouped by Religious Affiliation
(a)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 -0.05 0.95
Muslim 9 0.31 0.84
Jewish 52 -0.32 0.89
Atheist/Agnostic 230 0.16 1.13
Not listed, No religion 195 0.15 1.08
(b)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 -0.06 1.00
Muslim 9 0.35 0.98
Jewish 52 -0.27 0.82
Atheist/Agnostic 230 0.12 1.00
Not listed, No religion 195 0.23 1.02
(c)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 -0.06 0.97
Muslim 9 -0.04 1.09
Jewish 52 -0.26 1.02
Atheist/Agnostic 230 0.18 1.04
Not listed, No religion 195 0.18 1.05
(d)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 -0.07 0.96
Muslim 9 0.16 1.23
Jewish 52 -0.35 0.79
Atheist/Agnostic 230 0.20 1.09
Not listed, No religion 195 0.21 1.05
(e)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 0.04 0.97
Muslim 9 0.44 0.88
Jewish 52 -0.10 1.11
Atheist/Agnostic 230 -0.01 1.06
Not listed, No religion 195 -0.16 1.04

3.10 Section Summary

  Justice Sensitivity
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.88 3.66 – 4.11 <.001
Age -0.14 -0.18 – -0.11 <.001
Income -0.05 -0.08 – -0.02 .001
Education -0.03 -0.08 – 0.03 .340
Gender (Male) -0.39 -0.50 – -0.29 <.001
Observations 1500
R2 / R2 adjusted .121 / .118

4 Political Behavior

4.1 Political Orientation

Correlation with General Conservatism, Economic Conservatism, Social Conservatism

Figure 109: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 110: Victim_Perspective
Figure 111: Observer_Perspective
Figure 112: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 113: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 114: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 115: Victim_Perspective
Figure 116: Observer_Perspective
Figure 117: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 118: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 119: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 120: Victim_Perspective
Figure 121: Observer_Perspective
Figure 122: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 123: Perpetrator_Perspective

Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

Table 21: Justice Sensitivity and Political Orientation
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 5.31 5.19 – 5.42 <.001 4.93 4.79 – 5.07 <.001 5.48 5.35 – 5.60 <.001 5.24 5.12 – 5.35 <.001
Justice Sensitivity -0.67 -0.79 – -0.55 <.001 -0.64 -0.77 – -0.50 <.001 -0.88 -1.00 – -0.75 <.001 -0.73 -0.85 – -0.61 <.001
Observations 1500 1500 1500 1500
R2 / R2 adjusted .075 / .075 .053 / .052 .111 / .110 .090 / .090
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 5.31 5.18 – 5.43 <.001 4.93 4.79 – 5.07 <.001 5.48 5.35 – 5.61 <.001 5.24 5.12 – 5.36 <.001
Victim_Perspective -0.42 -0.54 – -0.30 <.001 -0.44 -0.58 – -0.30 <.001 -0.62 -0.75 – -0.49 <.001 -0.49 -0.61 – -0.37 <.001
Observations 1500 1500 1500 1500
R2 / R2 adjusted .030 / .029 .025 / .025 .055 / .054 .041 / .041
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 5.31 5.19 – 5.42 <.001 4.93 4.79 – 5.06 <.001 5.48 5.35 – 5.60 <.001 5.24 5.12 – 5.35 <.001
Observer_Perspective -0.76 -0.87 – -0.64 <.001 -0.74 -0.87 – -0.60 <.001 -0.93 -1.05 – -0.81 <.001 -0.81 -0.92 – -0.69 <.001
Observations 1500 1500 1500 1500
R2 / R2 adjusted .095 / .094 .071 / .071 .125 / .124 .111 / .110
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 5.31 5.19 – 5.43 <.001 4.93 4.79 – 5.07 <.001 5.48 5.35 – 5.61 <.001 5.24 5.12 – 5.36 <.001
Beneficiary_Perspective -0.65 -0.77 – -0.53 <.001 -0.62 -0.76 – -0.49 <.001 -0.81 -0.93 – -0.68 <.001 -0.69 -0.81 – -0.58 <.001
Observations 1500 1500 1500 1500
R2 / R2 adjusted .071 / .071 .051 / .050 .094 / .093 .082 / .082
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 5.31 5.18 – 5.43 <.001 4.93 4.79 – 5.07 <.001 5.48 5.35 – 5.61 <.001 5.24 5.12 – 5.36 <.001
Perpetrator_Perspective -0.23 -0.36 – -0.11 <.001 -0.16 -0.29 – -0.02 .029 -0.33 -0.46 – -0.20 <.001 -0.24 -0.36 – -0.12 <.001
Observations 1500 1500 1500 1500
R2 / R2 adjusted .009 / .009 .003 / .002 .016 / .015 .010 / .009
Table 22: Justice Sensitivity models and Demographics
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 5.18 4.52 – 5.85 <.001 5.05 4.29 – 5.81 <.001 5.34 4.63 – 6.04 <.001 5.19 4.54 – 5.85 <.001
JS -0.47 -0.58 – -0.35 <.001 -0.44 -0.57 – -0.31 <.001 -0.64 -0.76 – -0.52 <.001 -0.52 -0.63 – -0.41 <.001
Age 0.25 0.17 – 0.33 <.001 0.29 0.20 – 0.38 <.001 0.21 0.13 – 0.29 <.001 0.25 0.18 – 0.33 <.001
Income 0.05 -0.01 – 0.12 .114 -0.04 -0.11 – 0.04 .330 0.09 0.02 – 0.16 .008 0.04 -0.03 – 0.10 .264
Education -0.20 -0.33 – -0.08 .001 -0.26 -0.40 – -0.11 <.001 -0.04 -0.17 – 0.09 .538 -0.17 -0.29 – -0.04 .008
Gender (Male) 0.53 0.28 – 0.77 <.001 0.60 0.32 – 0.88 <.001 0.47 0.21 – 0.73 <.001 0.53 0.29 – 0.77 <.001
Observations 1500 1500 1500 1500
R2 / R2 adjusted .120 / .117 .100 / .097 .145 / .142 .134 / .132

4.2 Partisanship

Figure 124: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 125: Victim_Perspective
Figure 126: Observer_Perspective
Figure 127: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 128: Perpetrator_Perspective
Table 23: Mean Justice Sensitivity by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 2.88 1.07
Democrat 223 2.76 0.97
Leaning Democrat 124 2.92 1.04
Independent 84 2.29 1.13
Leaning Republican 111 2.29 1.10
Republican 255 2.20 0.98
Strong Republican 318 2.13 1.02
Table 24: Mean Victim_Perspective by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 2.39 1.46
Democrat 223 2.66 1.30
Leaning Democrat 124 2.54 1.39
Independent 84 2.18 1.52
Leaning Republican 111 1.98 1.40
Republican 255 1.90 1.37
Strong Republican 318 1.72 1.40
Table 25: Mean Observer_Perspective by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 3.27 1.26
Democrat 223 3.08 1.25
Leaning Democrat 124 3.20 1.23
Independent 84 2.46 1.43
Leaning Republican 111 2.44 1.42
Republican 255 2.33 1.18
Strong Republican 318 2.19 1.30
Table 26: Mean Beneficiary_Perspective by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 2.34 1.52
Democrat 223 2.14 1.42
Leaning Democrat 124 2.40 1.35
Independent 84 1.73 1.38
Leaning Republican 111 1.36 1.37
Republican 255 1.57 1.25
Strong Republican 318 1.46 1.33
Table 27: Mean Perpetrator_Perspective by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 3.50 1.47
Democrat 223 3.18 1.44
Leaning Democrat 124 3.54 1.32
Independent 84 2.79 1.62
Leaning Republican 111 3.36 1.52
Republican 255 2.99 1.55
Strong Republican 318 3.14 1.47
Table 28: Justice Sensitivity & Party Identity (7-point)
  Justice Sensitivity
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.04 2.93 – 3.14 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) -0.13 -0.16 – -0.11 <.001
Observations 1466
R2 / R2 adjusted .086 / .086
  Victim_Perspective
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 2.70 2.56 – 2.84 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) -0.13 -0.16 – -0.10 <.001
Observations 1466
R2 / R2 adjusted .048 / .047
  Observer_Perspective
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.47 3.34 – 3.60 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) -0.19 -0.21 – -0.16 <.001
Observations 1466
R2 / R2 adjusted .107 / .106
  Beneficiary_Perspective
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 2.51 2.37 – 2.64 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) -0.16 -0.19 – -0.13 <.001
Observations 1466
R2 / R2 adjusted .066 / .066
  Perpetrator_Perspective
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.48 3.33 – 3.63 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) -0.06 -0.09 – -0.03 <.001
Observations 1466
R2 / R2 adjusted .009 / .009
Table 29: Justice Sensitivity & Party Identity with Controls
  Justice Sensitivity
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 4.08 3.86 – 4.30 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) -0.10 -0.12 – -0.08 <.001
Age -0.12 -0.15 – -0.08 <.001
Income -0.04 -0.07 – -0.01 .004
Education -0.04 -0.09 – 0.02 .160
Gender (Male) -0.31 -0.42 – -0.21 <.001
Observations 1466
R2 / R2 adjusted .165 / .163
  Victim_Perspective
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.98 3.68 – 4.28 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) -0.09 -0.12 – -0.06 <.001
Age -0.20 -0.25 – -0.16 <.001
Income -0.06 -0.10 – -0.03 .001
Education -0.04 -0.11 – 0.04 .318
Gender (Male) -0.23 -0.37 – -0.09 .002
Observations 1466
R2 / R2 adjusted .136 / .133
  Observer_Perspective
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 4.64 4.36 – 4.91 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) -0.15 -0.18 – -0.12 <.001
Age -0.12 -0.16 – -0.08 <.001
Income -0.03 -0.07 – 0.00 .075
Education -0.06 -0.13 – 0.00 .066
Gender (Male) -0.38 -0.51 – -0.24 <.001
Observations 1466
R2 / R2 adjusted .166 / .164
  Beneficiary_Perspective
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.77 3.47 – 4.07 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) -0.11 -0.14 – -0.08 <.001
Age -0.18 -0.23 – -0.14 <.001
Income -0.02 -0.06 – 0.02 .298
Education -0.08 -0.15 – -0.01 .035
Gender (Male) -0.30 -0.45 – -0.16 <.001
Observations 1466
R2 / R2 adjusted .140 / .137
  Perpetrator_Perspective
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.93 3.60 – 4.26 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) -0.05 -0.08 – -0.01 .005
Age 0.04 -0.01 – 0.09 .134
Income -0.05 -0.09 – -0.01 .024
Education 0.02 -0.06 – 0.10 .559
Gender (Male) -0.34 -0.49 – -0.18 <.001
Observations 1466
R2 / R2 adjusted .025 / .022

4.3 Religiosity

Figure 129: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 130: Victim_Perspective
Figure 131: Observer_Perspective
Figure 132: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 133: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 134: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 135: Victim_Perspective
Figure 136: Observer_Perspective
Figure 137: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 138: Perpetrator_Perspective

Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

Figure 139: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 140: Victim_Perspective
Figure 141: Observer_Perspective
Figure 142: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 143: Perpetrator_Perspective

4.4 Candidate Preferences

Figure 144: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 145: Victim_Perspective
Figure 146: Observer_Perspective
Figure 147: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 148: Perpetrator_Perspective
Table 30: Candidate Preference and Justice Sensitivity [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 -0.29 0.94
Hillary Clinton 371 0.09 0.92
Bernie Sanders 362 0.52 0.95
Ted Cruz 122 -0.35 1.02
Jeb Bush 83 -0.32 0.79
Gary Johnson 68 -0.24 1.04
Rand Paul 44 -0.18 1.13
Table 31: Candidate Preference and Victim_Perspective [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 -0.14 1.04
Hillary Clinton 371 0.06 0.98
Bernie Sanders 362 0.37 0.93
Ted Cruz 122 -0.35 0.93
Jeb Bush 83 -0.36 0.85
Gary Johnson 68 -0.24 0.89
Rand Paul 44 -0.18 1.01
Table 32: Candidate Preference and Observer_Perspective [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 -0.28 0.97
Hillary Clinton 371 0.15 0.93
Bernie Sanders 362 0.48 0.91
Ted Cruz 122 -0.42 0.99
Jeb Bush 83 -0.46 0.80
Gary Johnson 68 -0.17 0.97
Rand Paul 44 -0.28 1.10
Table 33: Candidate Preference and Beneficiary_Perspective [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 -0.31 0.92
Hillary Clinton 371 0.10 0.96
Bernie Sanders 362 0.46 1.01
Ted Cruz 122 -0.28 0.89
Jeb Bush 83 -0.28 0.80
Gary Johnson 68 -0.18 0.98
Rand Paul 44 0.03 1.10
Table 34: Candidate Preference and Perpetrator_Perspective [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 -0.17 1.03
Hillary Clinton 371 -0.02 0.97
Bernie Sanders 362 0.27 0.91
Ted Cruz 122 -0.04 1.07
Jeb Bush 83 0.11 0.88
Gary Johnson 68 -0.15 1.06
Rand Paul 44 -0.12 1.08
Table 35: Candidate Preference and Justice Sensitivity [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 2.18 1.02
Hillary Clinton 371 2.60 1.00
Bernie Sanders 362 3.06 1.03
Ted Cruz 122 2.11 1.11
Jeb Bush 83 2.16 0.86
Gary Johnson 68 2.24 1.13
Rand Paul 44 2.31 1.23
Table 36: Candidate Preference and Victim_Perspective [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 1.97 1.50
Hillary Clinton 371 2.25 1.41
Bernie Sanders 362 2.70 1.34
Ted Cruz 122 1.66 1.34
Jeb Bush 83 1.65 1.23
Gary Johnson 68 1.82 1.28
Rand Paul 44 1.91 1.45
Table 37: Candidate Preference and Observer_Perspective [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 2.35 1.32
Hillary Clinton 371 2.94 1.26
Bernie Sanders 362 3.38 1.23
Ted Cruz 122 2.16 1.34
Jeb Bush 83 2.11 1.09
Gary Johnson 68 2.50 1.31
Rand Paul 44 2.35 1.48
Table 38: Candidate Preference and Beneficiary_Perspective [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 1.43 1.33
Hillary Clinton 371 2.02 1.39
Bernie Sanders 362 2.54 1.47
Ted Cruz 122 1.48 1.29
Jeb Bush 83 1.46 1.16
Gary Johnson 68 1.62 1.42
Rand Paul 44 1.92 1.59
Table 39: Candidate Preference and Perpetrator_Perspective [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 2.98 1.55
Hillary Clinton 371 3.20 1.45
Bernie Sanders 362 3.63 1.36
Ted Cruz 122 3.17 1.59
Jeb Bush 83 3.40 1.32
Gary Johnson 68 3.01 1.59
Rand Paul 44 3.05 1.62

4.5 Party Preferences

Figure 149: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 150: Victim_Perspective
Figure 151: Observer_Perspective
Figure 152: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 153: Perpetrator_Perspective
Table 40: Party Preference and Justice Sensitivity [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.28 0.95
Republican Party 508 -0.28 0.91
Libertarian Party 100 -0.18 1.06
Green Party 40 0.89 0.71
Tea Party 68 -0.64 0.95
Constitution Party 14 0.09 1.07
None 120 -0.09 1.01
Don't know 90 0.26 1.02
Table 41: Party Preference and Victim_Perspective [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.20 0.97
Republican Party 508 -0.22 0.97
Libertarian Party 100 -0.19 0.99
Green Party 40 0.50 0.95
Tea Party 68 -0.47 0.89
Constitution Party 14 0.01 0.82
None 120 0.07 1.02
Don't know 90 0.27 1.03
Table 42: Party Preference and Observer_Perspective [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.31 0.93
Republican Party 508 -0.32 0.93
Libertarian Party 100 -0.11 1.04
Green Party 40 0.90 0.64
Tea Party 68 -0.63 0.95
Constitution Party 14 0.26 1.13
None 120 -0.07 1.03
Don't know 90 0.13 0.96
Table 43: Party Preference and Beneficiary_Perspective [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.24 1.00
Republican Party 508 -0.24 0.90
Libertarian Party 100 -0.14 1.01
Green Party 40 0.67 1.01
Tea Party 68 -0.66 0.82
Constitution Party 14 -0.16 0.96
None 120 -0.06 1.01
Don't know 90 0.30 1.02
Table 44: Party Preference and Perpetrator_Perspective [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.09 0.96
Republican Party 508 -0.08 1.00
Libertarian Party 100 -0.09 1.05
Green Party 40 0.66 0.68
Tea Party 68 -0.21 1.15
Constitution Party 14 0.18 0.95
None 120 -0.20 1.07
Don't know 90 0.09 0.97
Table 45: Party Preference and Justice Sensitivity [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 2.80 1.03
Republican Party 508 2.19 0.99
Libertarian Party 100 2.31 1.15
Green Party 40 3.47 0.77
Tea Party 68 1.80 1.03
Constitution Party 14 2.60 1.16
None 120 2.41 1.10
Don't know 90 2.78 1.11
Table 46: Party Preference and Victim_Perspective [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 2.46 1.40
Republican Party 508 1.85 1.40
Libertarian Party 100 1.89 1.42
Green Party 40 2.89 1.37
Tea Party 68 1.49 1.29
Constitution Party 14 2.18 1.19
None 120 2.27 1.47
Don't know 90 2.56 1.48
Table 47: Party Preference and Observer_Perspective [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 3.15 1.26
Republican Party 508 2.29 1.25
Libertarian Party 100 2.58 1.41
Green Party 40 3.94 0.86
Tea Party 68 1.87 1.29
Constitution Party 14 3.07 1.53
None 120 2.63 1.40
Don't know 90 2.91 1.30
Table 48: Party Preference and Beneficiary_Perspective [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 2.23 1.44
Republican Party 508 1.53 1.30
Libertarian Party 100 1.67 1.46
Green Party 40 2.84 1.46
Tea Party 68 0.93 1.19
Constitution Party 14 1.64 1.39
None 120 1.79 1.45
Don't know 90 2.31 1.48
Table 49: Party Preference and Perpetrator_Perspective [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 3.37 1.43
Republican Party 508 3.11 1.49
Libertarian Party 100 3.09 1.58
Green Party 40 4.22 1.02
Tea Party 68 2.91 1.72
Constitution Party 14 3.50 1.43
None 120 2.92 1.60
Don't know 90 3.37 1.46

4.6 Voting

Table 50: Justice Sensitivity Voting Preferences
  2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] 2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters 2012 [Romney vs. Obama] 2008 [McCain vs. Obama]
Predictors Log-Odds CI p Log-Odds CI p Log-Odds CI p Log-Odds CI p
(Intercept) .031 -Inf – Inf .618 .012 -Inf – Inf .841 .179 -Inf – Inf .003 .217 -Inf – Inf <.001
Justice Sensitivity .602 -Inf – Inf <.001 .595 -Inf – Inf <.001 .696 -Inf – Inf <.001 .651 -Inf – Inf <.001
Observations 1103 1148 1236 1206
R2 Tjur .078 .076 .096 .086
Figure 154: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 155: Victim Perspective
Figure 156: Observer Perspective
Figure 157: Beneficiary Perspective
Figure 158: Perpetrator Perspective

4.7 Voting & Party Identity

Figure 159: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 160: Victim_Perspective
Figure 161: Observer_Perspective
Figure 162: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 163: Perpetrator_Perspective
Table 51: Justice Sensitivity and Party Identity & Voting
Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
Strong Republican 282 7
Republican 166 24
Leaning Republican 58 7
Independent 17 16
Leaning Democrat 10 65
Democrat 27 129
Strong Democrat 4 323
Table 52: Victim_Perspective and Party Identity
Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
Strong Republican 282 7
Republican 166 24
Leaning Republican 58 7
Independent 17 16
Leaning Democrat 10 65
Democrat 27 129
Strong Democrat 4 323
Table 53: Observer_Perspective and Party Identity
Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
Strong Republican 282 7
Republican 166 24
Leaning Republican 58 7
Independent 17 16
Leaning Democrat 10 65
Democrat 27 129
Strong Democrat 4 323
Table 54: Beneficiary_Perspective and Party Identity
Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
Strong Republican 282 7
Republican 166 24
Leaning Republican 58 7
Independent 17 16
Leaning Democrat 10 65
Democrat 27 129
Strong Democrat 4 323
Table 55: Perpetrator_Perspective and Party Identity
Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
Strong Republican 282 7
Republican 166 24
Leaning Republican 58 7
Independent 17 16
Leaning Democrat 10 65
Democrat 27 129
Strong Democrat 4 323
Table 56
  2016 [Clinton vs. Trump] 2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters
Predictors Odds Ratios CI p Odds Ratios CI p
(Intercept) 11.28 5.71 – 23.46 <.001 8.66 4.63 – 16.88 <.001
Party Identity (dichotomous) 0.01 0.00 – 0.01 <.001
Party Identity (dichotomous) 1.08 0.86 – 1.36 .498 1.12 0.91 – 1.38 .290
Justice Sensitivity 0.01 0.00 – 0.01 <.001
Observations 1103 1148
R2 Tjur .747 .720
Figure 164: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 165: Victim_Perspective
Figure 166: Observer_Perspective
Figure 167: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 168: Perpetrator_Perspective
  2016 [Clinton vs. Trump] 2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters
Predictors Odds Ratios CI p Odds Ratios CI p
(Intercept) 20.39 11.81 – 37.17 <.001 15.84 9.63 – 27.24 <.001
Scr_PIDFRepublican 0.00 0.00 – 0.01 <.001
facet 0.86 0.73 – 1.02 .098 0.89 0.76 – 1.04 .159
PIDFRepublican 0.01 0.00 – 0.01 <.001
Observations 1103 1148
R2 Tjur .747 .720
  2016 [Clinton vs. Trump] 2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters
Predictors Odds Ratios CI p Odds Ratios CI p
(Intercept) 11.85 6.31 – 23.38 <.001 9.46 5.28 – 17.69 <.001
Scr_PIDFRepublican 0.01 0.00 – 0.01 <.001
facet 1.06 0.88 – 1.26 .561 1.07 0.91 – 1.27 .407
PIDFRepublican 0.01 0.00 – 0.01 <.001
Observations 1103 1148
R2 Tjur .747 .720
  2016 [Clinton vs. Trump] 2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters
Predictors Odds Ratios CI p Odds Ratios CI p
(Intercept) 10.58 6.70 – 17.43 <.001 8.36 5.51 – 13.12 <.001
Scr_PIDFRepublican 0.01 0.00 – 0.01 <.001
facet 1.14 0.96 – 1.35 .126 1.18 1.01 – 1.38 .039
PIDFRepublican 0.01 0.00 – 0.01 <.001
Observations 1103 1148
R2 Tjur .747 .721
  2016 [Clinton vs. Trump] 2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] + Supporters
Predictors Odds Ratios CI p Odds Ratios CI p
(Intercept) 9.46 5.31 – 17.54 <.001 8.01 4.69 – 14.17 <.001
Scr_PIDFRepublican 0.01 0.00 – 0.01 <.001
facet 1.13 0.96 – 1.32 .132 1.13 0.97 – 1.31 .109
PIDFRepublican 0.01 0.00 – 0.01 <.001
Observations 1103 1148
R2 Tjur .747 .720

4.8 Likeability

Figure 169: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 170: Victim_Perspective
Figure 171: Observer_Perspective
Figure 172: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 173: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 174: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 175: Victim_Perspective
Figure 176: Observer_Perspective
Figure 177: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 178: Perpetrator_Perspective

Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

Figure 179: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 180: Victim_Perspective
Figure 181: Observer_Perspective
Figure 182: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 183: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 184: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 185: Victim_Perspective
Figure 186: Observer_Perspective
Figure 187: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 188: Perpetrator_Perspective

Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

Figure 189: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 190: Victim_Perspective
Figure 191: Observer_Perspective
Figure 192: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 193: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 194: Justice Sensitivity
Figure 195: Victim_Perspective
Figure 196: Observer_Perspective
Figure 197: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 198: Perpetrator_Perspective

Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

5 Politico-Psychological correlates of Justice Sensitivity


5.1 Ideologies and Partisanship

Figure 199: Justice Sensitivity (by magnitude)
Figure 200: Victim_Perspective
Figure 201: Observer_Perspective
Figure 202: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 203: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 204: Justice Sensitivity (alphabetic)
Figure 205: Victim_Perspective
Figure 206: Observer_Perspective
Figure 207: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 208: Perpetrator_Perspective

5.2 Populism, Nationalism, Nativism, and Patriotism

Figure 209: Justice Sensitivity (by magnitude)
Figure 210: Victim_Perspective
Figure 211: Observer_Perspective
Figure 212: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 213: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 214: Justice Sensitivity (alphabetic)
Figure 215: Victim_Perspective
Figure 216: Observer_Perspective
Figure 217: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 218: Perpetrator_Perspective



5.3 Political Psychology

Figure 219: Justice Sensitivity (by magnitude)
Figure 220: Victim_Perspective
Figure 221: Observer_Perspective
Figure 222: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 223: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 224: Justice Sensitivity (alphabetic)
Figure 225: Victim_Perspective
Figure 226: Observer_Perspective
Figure 227: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 228: Perpetrator_Perspective

5.4 Social Justice Concerns, Empathy, and Prejudice

Figure 229: Justice Sensitivity (by magnitude)
Figure 230: Victim_Perspective
Figure 231: Observer_Perspective
Figure 232: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 233: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 234: Justice Sensitivity (alphabetic)
Figure 235: Victim_Perspective
Figure 236: Observer_Perspective
Figure 237: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 238: Perpetrator_Perspective



5.5 Values

Figure 239: Justice Sensitivity (by magnitude)
Figure 240: Victim_Perspective
Figure 241: Observer_Perspective
Figure 242: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 243: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 244: Justice Sensitivity (alphabetic)
Figure 245: Victim_Perspective
Figure 246: Observer_Perspective
Figure 247: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 248: Perpetrator_Perspective



5.6 Pot-Pourri

Figure 249: Justice Sensitivity (by magnitude)
Figure 250: Victim_Perspective
Figure 251: Observer_Perspective
Figure 252: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 253: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 254: Justice Sensitivity (alphabetic)
Figure 255: Victim_Perspective
Figure 256: Observer_Perspective
Figure 257: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 258: Perpetrator_Perspective



5.7 Positive and Negative correlates of Justice Sensitivity

Figure 259: Justice Sensitivity (by magnitude)
Figure 260: Victim_Perspective
Figure 261: Observer_Perspective
Figure 262: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 263: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 264: Justice Sensitivity (alphabetic)
Figure 265: Victim_Perspective
Figure 266: Observer_Perspective
Figure 267: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 268: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 269: Justice Sensitivity (by magnitude)
Figure 270: Victim_Perspective
Figure 271: Observer_Perspective
Figure 272: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 273: Perpetrator_Perspective
Figure 274: Justice Sensitivity (alphabetic)
Figure 275: Victim_Perspective
Figure 276: Observer_Perspective
Figure 277: Beneficiary_Perspective
Figure 278: Perpetrator_Perspective

6 Elastic Net Analysis

Figure 279: Elastic net predicting Justice Sensitivity: Political Psychology
Figure 280: Elastic net predicting Justice Sensitivity: Ideology & Partisanship
Figure 281: Elastic net predicting Justice Sensitivity: Demographics
Figure 282: Elastic net predicting Justice Sensitivity: Attitudes
Figure 283: Elastic net predicting Justice Sensitivity: Everything
Table 57: Elastic Net Summary
Elastic Net R² for predicting Justice Sensitivity
Variable Group # Predictors R²
Political Psychology 5 .275
Ideology & Partisanship 5 .133
Demographics 5 .122
Attitudes 6 .183
Everything 21 .335
PPBS
Psychology of Political Behavior Studies PI: Flavio Azevedo