PPBS

Values (10 fold) [2016]

A Politico-Psychological Analysis

Report generated

June 15, 2026

1 Study Characteristics

1.1 Items: Values (10 fold)

1.2 Sample

N=1500

To conduct a exploratory and a confirmatory large surveys during the general election, we hired a professional survey firm (SSI, a US-based market research company that recruits participants from a panel of 7,139,027 American citizens; more information can be found at www.surveysampling.com (now https://www.dynata.com/) to recruit a nationally representative sample of 1,500 Americans (50.7% women) who completed study materials during the general election from August 16-September 9, 2016. (Information about sampling and exclusion criteria is included in the Supplement). The age distribution was as follows: 18-24 (12.9%), 25-34 (17.6%), 35-44 (17.5%), 45-54 (19.5%), 55-65 (15.6%) and older than 65 (16.9%). The ethnic breakdown was: White/European American (82.5%), Black/African American (7.7%), Latino (5.9%) and “Other” (4.0%). Concerning religion, 67.6% identified as Christian, 17.1% as religiously affiliated but not Christian, and 15.3% as Atheist/Agnostic. With respect to education 35.1% indicated “high school only or lower,” 31.4 % indicated “some college,” and 33.6% indicated having received a “Bachelor” or “Graduate” degree. 2424 participants were directed to the survey, 1885 of which finished the survey (attrition rate 22%).

We followed recommendations to minimize the problem of careless responding in online studies. Specifically, we employed 10 random attention questions and time controls to check for data quality. There were 385 participants who failed more than one attention check or finished the survey in under ~22 minutes and were therefore excluded from the sample. For the 1500 participants who successfully finished the survey, completion time was 67 minutes on average (MD: 51min).

2 Descriptives

2.1 Means, SD, Range, & SE

Table 1: Descriptives
Descriptives for Values (10 fold)
mean sd median se
Self_Direction_mean 4.91 0.84 5.00 0.02
Stimulation_mean 4.03 1.09 4.00 0.03
Hedonism_mean 4.43 1.01 4.33 0.03
Achievement_mean 4.19 1.00 4.33 0.03
Power_mean 2.95 1.11 2.83 0.03
Security_mean 4.88 0.83 5.00 0.02
Conformity_mean 4.23 0.97 4.17 0.03
Tradition_mean 4.23 0.96 4.33 0.02
Benevolence_mean 5.00 0.87 5.17 0.02
Universalism_mean 4.54 0.92 4.56 0.02
values_10 4.37 0.65 4.37 0.02
Note:
n = 1500, min = 1, max = 6
Table 2: Descriptives – Item Level
Descriptives for Values (10 fold) at Item Level
mean sd median se
Self_Direction1 4.90 1.08 5.00 0.03
Self_Direction2 5.12 1.02 5.00 0.03
Self_Direction3 4.91 1.01 5.00 0.03
Self_Direction4 5.19 1.01 5.50 0.03
Self_Direction5 4.34 1.24 4.00 0.03
Self_Direction6 4.98 1.09 5.00 0.03
Stimulation1 4.32 1.22 4.00 0.03
Stimulation2 3.47 1.48 4.00 0.04
Stimulation3 4.30 1.29 4.00 0.03
Hedonism1 4.42 1.17 4.00 0.03
Hedonism2 4.86 1.09 5.00 0.03
Hedonism3 4.00 1.35 4.00 0.03
Achievement1 4.94 1.13 5.00 0.03
Achievement2 4.05 1.33 4.00 0.03
Achievement3 3.59 1.45 4.00 0.04
Power1 3.30 1.55 3.00 0.04
Power2 2.66 1.48 2.00 0.04
Power3 2.81 1.46 3.00 0.04
Power4 3.28 1.45 3.00 0.04
Power5 3.18 1.42 3.00 0.04
Power6 2.46 1.51 2.00 0.04
Security1 5.06 1.06 5.00 0.03
Security2 5.20 1.00 5.00 0.03
Security3 4.20 1.37 4.00 0.04
Security4 5.14 1.02 5.00 0.03
Security5 4.74 1.19 5.00 0.03
Security6 4.92 1.18 5.00 0.03
Conformity1 4.47 1.25 5.00 0.03
Conformity2 4.66 1.23 5.00 0.03
Conformity3 4.62 1.27 5.00 0.03
Conformity4 4.16 1.33 4.00 0.03
Conformity5 3.65 1.43 4.00 0.04
Conformity6 3.83 1.43 4.00 0.04
Tradition1 4.32 1.55 5.00 0.04
Tradition2 3.76 1.67 4.00 0.04
Tradition3 4.19 1.46 4.00 0.04
Tradition4 4.19 1.49 4.00 0.04
Tradition5 4.83 1.15 5.00 0.03
Tradition6 4.11 1.35 4.00 0.03
Benevolence1 5.19 1.04 6.00 0.03
Benevolence2 5.24 1.02 6.00 0.03
Benevolence3 4.63 1.20 5.00 0.03
Benevolence4 4.79 1.10 5.00 0.03
Benevolence5 5.26 1.00 6.00 0.03
Benevolence6 4.90 1.19 5.00 0.03
Universalism1 4.68 1.23 5.00 0.03
Universalism2 3.94 1.36 4.00 0.04
Universalism3 4.31 1.32 4.00 0.03
Universalism4 4.49 1.31 5.00 0.03
Universalism5 4.56 1.30 5.00 0.03
Universalism6 4.84 1.14 5.00 0.03
Universalism7 4.79 1.25 5.00 0.03
Universalism8 4.70 1.19 5.00 0.03
Universalism9 4.60 1.19 5.00 0.03
values_10 4.37 0.65 4.37 0.02
Self_Direction_mean 4.91 0.84 5.00 0.02
Stimulation_mean 4.03 1.09 4.00 0.03
Hedonism_mean 4.43 1.01 4.33 0.03
Achievement_mean 4.19 1.00 4.33 0.03
Power_mean 2.95 1.11 2.83 0.03
Security_mean 4.88 0.83 5.00 0.02
Conformity_mean 4.23 0.97 4.17 0.03
Tradition_mean 4.23 0.96 4.33 0.02
Benevolence_mean 5.00 0.87 5.17 0.02
Universalism_mean 4.54 0.92 4.56 0.02
Note:
All items: n = 1500, min = 1, max = 6. values_10: min = 1, max = 6. Self_Direction_mean: min = 1, max = 6. Stimulation_mean: min = 1, max = 6. Hedonism_mean: min = 1, max = 6. Achievement_mean: min = 1, max = 6. Power_mean: min = 1, max = 6. Security_mean: min = 1, max = 6. Conformity_mean: min = 1, max = 6. Tradition_mean: min = 1, max = 6. Benevolence_mean: min = 1, max = 6. Universalism_mean: min = 1, max = 6

2.2 Response Distribution

Figure 1: Proportion of each construct of Values (10 fold) at item level: Self_Direction
Figure 2: Proportion of each construct of Values (10 fold) at item level: Stimulation
Figure 3: Proportion of each construct of Values (10 fold) at item level: Hedonism
Figure 4: Proportion of each construct of Values (10 fold) at item level: Achievement
Figure 5: Proportion of each construct of Values (10 fold) at item level: Power
Figure 6: Proportion of each construct of Values (10 fold) at item level: Security
Figure 7: Proportion of each construct of Values (10 fold) at item level: Conformity
Figure 8: Proportion of each construct of Values (10 fold) at item level: Tradition
Figure 9: Proportion of each construct of Values (10 fold) at item level: Benevolence
Figure 10: Proportion of each construct of Values (10 fold) at item level: Universalism
Figure 11: Self_Direction
Figure 12: Stimulation
Figure 13: Hedonism
Figure 14: Achievement
Figure 15: Power
Figure 16: Security
Figure 17: Conformity
Figure 18: Tradition
Figure 19: Benevolence
Figure 20: Universalism

2.3 Correlations

2.3.1 Correlation Plots

Figure 21: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Values (10 fold)
Figure 22: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Self_Direction
Figure 23: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Stimulation
Figure 24: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Hedonism
Figure 25: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Achievement
Figure 26: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Power
Figure 27: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Security
Figure 28: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Conformity
Figure 29: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Tradition
Figure 30: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Benevolence
Figure 31: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Universalism

Note. Upper triangle shows Spearman’s rank-order correlations. *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05.

2.3.2 PIDF

Figure 32: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Values (10 fold)
Figure 33: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Self_Direction
Figure 34: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Stimulation
Figure 35: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Hedonism
Figure 36: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Achievement
Figure 37: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Power
Figure 38: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Security
Figure 39: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Conformity
Figure 40: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Tradition
Figure 41: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Benevolence
Figure 42: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Universalism

Note. Upper triangle shows Spearman’s rank-order correlations by party identity. *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05.

2.3.3 Correlation Matrix

3 Demographics

3.1 Social Class

Figure 43: Self_Direction
Figure 44: Stimulation
Figure 45: Hedonism
Figure 46: Achievement
Figure 47: Power
Figure 48: Security
Figure 49: Conformity
Figure 50: Tradition
Figure 51: Benevolence
Figure 52: Universalism
Figure 53: Self_Direction
Figure 54: Stimulation
Figure 55: Hedonism
Figure 56: Achievement
Figure 57: Power
Figure 58: Security
Figure 59: Conformity
Figure 60: Tradition
Figure 61: Benevolence
Figure 62: Universalism

Note on the Raincloud Plots

  • Statistical summary (top): Welch’s t-test (or ANOVA) results, effect size, confidence intervals, p-values, and sample sizes are shown above each plot.
  • Bayesian analysis (bottom): Log Bayes factor and credible intervals are reported below each plot.
Table 3
Table 4: Universalism as grouped by SES
(a)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 0.03 1.07
Lower Middle Class 298 -0.14 1.15
Middle Middle Class 679 0.06 0.98
Upper Middle Class 395 0.02 0.91
Rich 90 -0.05 0.95
(b)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 -0.32 1.04
Lower Middle Class 298 -0.01 1.03
Middle Middle Class 679 0.02 1.00
Upper Middle Class 395 0.02 0.98
Rich 90 -0.02 0.93
(c)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 -0.10 1.04
Lower Middle Class 298 0.02 1.07
Middle Middle Class 679 0.04 1.00
Upper Middle Class 395 -0.07 0.96
Rich 90 -0.05 0.87
(d)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 -0.24 1.15
Lower Middle Class 298 -0.11 1.11
Middle Middle Class 679 0.01 1.02
Upper Middle Class 395 0.05 0.87
Rich 90 0.20 0.92
(e)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 -0.27 0.92
Lower Middle Class 298 -0.10 1.02
Middle Middle Class 679 -0.03 1.03
Upper Middle Class 395 0.08 0.95
Rich 90 0.28 0.93
(f)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 -0.07 1.00
Lower Middle Class 298 -0.11 1.13
Middle Middle Class 679 0.08 0.99
Upper Middle Class 395 -0.03 0.94
Rich 90 -0.06 0.84
(g)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 -0.06 1.24
Lower Middle Class 298 -0.08 1.06
Middle Middle Class 679 0.09 1.02
Upper Middle Class 395 -0.04 0.91
Rich 90 -0.23 0.83
(h)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 0.11 0.96
Lower Middle Class 298 -0.06 1.04
Middle Middle Class 679 0.08 1.01
Upper Middle Class 395 -0.07 0.97
Rich 90 -0.16 0.88
(i)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 -0.19 0.94
Lower Middle Class 298 -0.16 1.19
Middle Middle Class 679 0.06 0.98
Upper Middle Class 395 0.03 0.88
Rich 90 0.06 0.96
(j)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 -0.02 1.29
Lower Middle Class 298 0.03 1.06
Middle Middle Class 679 0.04 0.99
Upper Middle Class 395 -0.03 0.93
Rich 90 -0.28 0.96

3.2 Gender

Figure 63: Values (10 fold) Facets, as grouped by Gender: Self_Direction
Figure 64: Values (10 fold) Facets, as grouped by Gender: Stimulation
Figure 65: Values (10 fold) Facets, as grouped by Gender: Hedonism
Figure 66: Values (10 fold) Facets, as grouped by Gender: Achievement
Figure 67: Values (10 fold) Facets, as grouped by Gender: Power
Figure 68: Values (10 fold) Facets, as grouped by Gender: Security
Figure 69: Values (10 fold) Facets, as grouped by Gender: Conformity
Figure 70: Values (10 fold) Facets, as grouped by Gender: Tradition
Figure 71: Values (10 fold) Facets, as grouped by Gender: Benevolence
Figure 72: Values (10 fold) Facets, as grouped by Gender: Universalism
Figure 73: Self_Direction
Figure 74: Stimulation
Figure 75: Hedonism
Figure 76: Achievement
Figure 77: Power
Figure 78: Security
Figure 79: Conformity
Figure 80: Tradition
Figure 81: Benevolence
Figure 82: Universalism
Table 5
Table 6: Universalism as grouped by Gender
(a)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.08 0.97
Male 740 -0.09 1.03
(b)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.07 1.01
Male 740 -0.07 0.99
(c)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.07 1.00
Male 740 -0.07 0.99
(d)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.01 1.05
Male 740 -0.01 0.95
(e)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 -0.07 1.02
Male 740 0.07 0.97
(f)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.09 0.98
Male 740 -0.10 1.01
(g)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.07 0.99
Male 740 -0.07 1.01
(h)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 -0.02 1.04
Male 740 0.02 0.96
(i)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.09 0.95
Male 740 -0.10 1.04
(j)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.17 0.96
Male 740 -0.17 1.01

3.3 Age

Figure 83: Self_Direction
Figure 84: Stimulation
Figure 85: Hedonism
Figure 86: Achievement
Figure 87: Power
Figure 88: Security
Figure 89: Conformity
Figure 90: Tradition
Figure 91: Benevolence
Figure 92: Universalism
Figure 93: Self_Direction
Figure 94: Stimulation
Figure 95: Hedonism
Figure 96: Achievement
Figure 97: Power
Figure 98: Security
Figure 99: Conformity
Figure 100: Tradition
Figure 101: Benevolence
Figure 102: Universalism
Table 7
Table 8: Universalism as grouped by Age
(a)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 -0.37 1.23
25-34 years 264 -0.09 1.09
35-44 years 263 0.14 0.95
45-54 years 292 0.09 0.92
55-64 years 234 0.16 0.88
65+ 254 -0.04 0.87
(b)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 0.18 0.94
25-34 years 264 0.23 1.00
35-44 years 263 0.21 1.00
45-54 years 292 -0.08 1.00
55-64 years 234 -0.10 0.97
65+ 254 -0.40 0.92
(c)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 0.09 1.06
25-34 years 264 0.18 0.94
35-44 years 263 0.19 0.99
45-54 years 292 -0.08 1.02
55-64 years 234 -0.11 0.97
65+ 254 -0.26 0.95
(d)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 0.12 1.05
25-34 years 264 0.16 1.02
35-44 years 263 0.09 1.08
45-54 years 292 -0.08 0.96
55-64 years 234 -0.05 0.91
65+ 254 -0.20 0.93
(e)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 0.35 0.99
25-34 years 264 0.15 1.06
35-44 years 263 0.11 1.08
45-54 years 292 -0.04 0.98
55-64 years 234 -0.24 0.88
65+ 254 -0.27 0.86
(f)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 -0.53 1.15
25-34 years 264 -0.20 1.11
35-44 years 263 0.04 0.96
45-54 years 292 0.11 0.96
55-64 years 234 0.29 0.87
65+ 254 0.17 0.75
(g)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 -0.32 1.08
25-34 years 264 -0.16 1.04
35-44 years 263 0.06 0.99
45-54 years 292 0.07 0.99
55-64 years 234 0.20 0.96
65+ 254 0.08 0.89
(h)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 -0.33 1.05
25-34 years 264 -0.18 1.09
35-44 years 263 0.07 1.02
45-54 years 292 0.10 0.97
55-64 years 234 0.10 0.95
65+ 254 0.16 0.85
(i)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 -0.54 1.21
25-34 years 264 -0.10 1.07
35-44 years 263 0.13 0.97
45-54 years 292 0.08 0.89
55-64 years 234 0.16 0.88
65+ 254 0.14 0.84
(j)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 -0.19 1.17
25-34 years 264 0.05 1.05
35-44 years 263 0.08 1.00
45-54 years 292 0.10 0.92
55-64 years 234 0.16 0.93
65+ 254 -0.26 0.90

3.4 Education

Figure 103: Self_Direction
Figure 104: Stimulation
Figure 105: Hedonism
Figure 106: Achievement
Figure 107: Power
Figure 108: Security
Figure 109: Conformity
Figure 110: Tradition
Figure 111: Benevolence
Figure 112: Universalism
Figure 113: Self_Direction
Figure 114: Stimulation
Figure 115: Hedonism
Figure 116: Achievement
Figure 117: Power
Figure 118: Security
Figure 119: Conformity
Figure 120: Tradition
Figure 121: Benevolence
Figure 122: Universalism
Table 9
Table 10: Universalism as grouped by Education
(a)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 -0.04 0.89
High School 475 -0.11 1.12
Some College 471 0.13 0.97
Bachelor 310 -0.03 0.88
Graduate 193 0.03 0.95
(b)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.02 0.92
High School 475 -0.06 1.01
Some College 471 0.10 1.00
Bachelor 310 -0.03 0.96
Graduate 193 -0.06 1.03
(c)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.24 0.91
High School 475 -0.01 1.02
Some College 471 0.13 1.01
Bachelor 310 -0.12 0.97
Graduate 193 -0.16 0.96
(d)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.26 1.03
High School 475 -0.11 1.08
Some College 471 0.08 0.99
Bachelor 310 -0.05 0.91
Graduate 193 0.07 0.92
(e)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.05 0.93
High School 475 -0.04 1.06
Some College 471 -0.06 1.01
Bachelor 310 0.09 0.93
Graduate 193 0.07 0.93
(f)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.02 0.87
High School 475 -0.08 1.11
Some College 471 0.13 0.97
Bachelor 310 -0.04 0.89
Graduate 193 -0.08 0.97
(g)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.06 1.12
High School 475 0.00 1.08
Some College 471 0.10 0.97
Bachelor 310 -0.05 0.91
Graduate 193 -0.16 0.96
(h)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.06 0.91
High School 475 0.04 1.05
Some College 471 0.10 0.98
Bachelor 310 -0.06 0.96
Graduate 193 -0.25 0.98
(i)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.07 0.96
High School 475 -0.12 1.13
Some College 471 0.12 0.96
Bachelor 310 -0.01 0.86
Graduate 193 0.01 0.95
(j)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.15 1.03
High School 475 -0.05 1.05
Some College 471 0.15 0.99
Bachelor 310 -0.07 0.91
Graduate 193 -0.16 0.99

3.5 Income Levels

Figure 123: Self_Direction
Figure 124: Stimulation
Figure 125: Hedonism
Figure 126: Achievement
Figure 127: Power
Figure 128: Security
Figure 129: Conformity
Figure 130: Tradition
Figure 131: Benevolence
Figure 132: Universalism
Figure 133: Self_Direction
Figure 134: Stimulation
Figure 135: Hedonism
Figure 136: Achievement
Figure 137: Power
Figure 138: Security
Figure 139: Conformity
Figure 140: Tradition
Figure 141: Benevolence
Figure 142: Universalism
Table 11
Table 12: Universalism as grouped by Income Levels
(a)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 -0.20 1.19
$15,000-$24,999 180 0.04 0.95
$25,000-$34,999 176 0.05 1.02
$35,000-$49,999 227 0.03 1.01
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.09 0.92
$75,000-$99,999 192 -0.10 0.97
$100,000-$149,999 160 0.03 0.88
$150,000 + 95 -0.03 1.12
(b)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 -0.21 1.05
$15,000-$24,999 180 0.04 0.96
$25,000-$34,999 176 0.00 1.05
$35,000-$49,999 227 -0.02 1.03
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.08 0.97
$75,000-$99,999 192 -0.04 0.98
$100,000-$149,999 160 0.06 0.95
$150,000 + 95 0.08 1.00
(c)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 -0.08 1.08
$15,000-$24,999 180 0.02 1.04
$25,000-$34,999 176 -0.01 1.05
$35,000-$49,999 227 0.06 1.00
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.05 0.93
$75,000-$99,999 192 -0.09 1.00
$100,000-$149,999 160 0.01 0.95
$150,000 + 95 0.02 1.00
(d)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 -0.19 1.15
$15,000-$24,999 180 -0.08 1.02
$25,000-$34,999 176 -0.14 1.02
$35,000-$49,999 227 0.02 1.04
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.09 0.91
$75,000-$99,999 192 0.04 0.94
$100,000-$149,999 160 0.12 0.94
$150,000 + 95 0.15 0.95
(e)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 -0.17 0.99
$15,000-$24,999 180 -0.06 1.02
$25,000-$34,999 176 -0.11 1.00
$35,000-$49,999 227 -0.02 1.02
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.02 1.01
$75,000-$99,999 192 0.08 0.98
$100,000-$149,999 160 0.12 0.94
$150,000 + 95 0.26 0.99
(f)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 -0.23 1.15
$15,000-$24,999 180 0.06 0.93
$25,000-$34,999 176 -0.02 1.07
$35,000-$49,999 227 0.02 1.00
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.07 0.94
$75,000-$99,999 192 0.02 1.02
$100,000-$149,999 160 0.05 0.87
$150,000 + 95 -0.04 1.00
(g)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 -0.17 1.14
$15,000-$24,999 180 0.00 1.06
$25,000-$34,999 176 0.05 1.05
$35,000-$49,999 227 0.08 1.00
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.04 0.93
$75,000-$99,999 192 0.03 0.95
$100,000-$149,999 160 -0.02 0.90
$150,000 + 95 -0.15 0.95
(h)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 -0.17 1.06
$15,000-$24,999 180 0.08 0.99
$25,000-$34,999 176 0.00 1.07
$35,000-$49,999 227 0.00 1.07
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.00 0.91
$75,000-$99,999 192 0.10 0.98
$100,000-$149,999 160 0.08 0.95
$150,000 + 95 -0.17 0.94
(i)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 -0.26 1.21
$15,000-$24,999 180 -0.01 0.99
$25,000-$34,999 176 0.02 0.98
$35,000-$49,999 227 -0.04 1.02
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.05 0.92
$75,000-$99,999 192 0.05 0.91
$100,000-$149,999 160 0.13 0.89
$150,000 + 95 0.09 1.09
(j)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 -0.11 1.17
$15,000-$24,999 180 0.11 0.95
$25,000-$34,999 176 0.07 1.00
$35,000-$49,999 227 0.04 0.99
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.06 0.91
$75,000-$99,999 192 -0.06 1.01
$100,000-$149,999 160 -0.01 0.94
$150,000 + 95 -0.26 1.08

3.6 Ethnicity

Figure 143: Self_Direction
Figure 144: Stimulation
Figure 145: Hedonism
Figure 146: Achievement
Figure 147: Power
Figure 148: Security
Figure 149: Conformity
Figure 150: Tradition
Figure 151: Benevolence
Figure 152: Universalism

Note on the Okabe-Ito color palette. The Okabe-Ito color palette (seen above) is a set of colorblind-friendly categorical colors available in R. We are using this palette for graphs with non-ordered variables (e.g., groups, categories) for accessibility.

Figure 153: Self_Direction
Figure 154: Stimulation
Figure 155: Hedonism
Figure 156: Achievement
Figure 157: Power
Figure 158: Security
Figure 159: Conformity
Figure 160: Tradition
Figure 161: Benevolence
Figure 162: Universalism
Table 13
Table 14: Universalism as grouped by Ethnicity
(a)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.01 1.00
Black/African American 115 0.10 1.05
Latino 88 0.03 0.95
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 -0.36 1.10
Native American 13 0.05 1.15
Other 18 0.33 0.77
(b)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.06 1.00
Black/African American 115 0.20 1.01
Latino 88 0.47 0.87
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 0.21 0.92
Native American 13 0.07 1.28
Other 18 0.19 0.88
(c)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.05 1.00
Black/African American 115 0.25 1.00
Latino 88 0.35 0.91
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 -0.10 1.00
Native American 13 0.24 1.39
Other 18 -0.09 0.96
(d)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.06 0.99
Black/African American 115 0.38 1.03
Latino 88 0.30 0.87
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 0.02 1.00
Native American 13 0.06 1.28
Other 18 0.18 1.01
(e)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.08 0.97
Black/African American 115 0.39 1.09
Latino 88 0.46 1.03
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 0.57 1.01
Native American 13 0.11 1.14
Other 18 -0.23 1.12
(f)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 0.00 0.99
Black/African American 115 0.16 0.98
Latino 88 -0.05 0.98
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 -0.30 1.11
Native American 13 -0.13 1.27
Other 18 -0.13 1.29
(g)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.02 1.00
Black/African American 115 0.16 0.96
Latino 88 0.08 1.01
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 -0.11 0.92
Native American 13 0.01 1.20
Other 18 0.00 0.91
(h)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.01 1.00
Black/African American 115 0.18 0.99
Latino 88 0.06 0.92
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 -0.12 0.98
Native American 13 -0.37 1.19
Other 18 -0.14 1.17
(i)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 0.02 1.00
Black/African American 115 -0.08 0.99
Latino 88 -0.05 0.96
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 -0.38 1.18
Native American 13 -0.28 1.28
Other 18 -0.03 0.90
(j)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.05 1.00
Black/African American 115 0.32 0.92
Latino 88 0.29 0.95
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 -0.07 0.98
Native American 13 0.23 1.22
Other 18 0.13 0.91

3.7 Occupation

Figure 163: Self_Direction
Figure 164: Stimulation
Figure 165: Hedonism
Figure 166: Achievement
Figure 167: Power
Figure 168: Security
Figure 169: Conformity
Figure 170: Tradition
Figure 171: Benevolence
Figure 172: Universalism
Figure 173: Self_Direction
Figure 174: Stimulation
Figure 175: Hedonism
Figure 176: Achievement
Figure 177: Power
Figure 178: Security
Figure 179: Conformity
Figure 180: Tradition
Figure 181: Benevolence
Figure 182: Universalism
Table 15
Table 16: Universalism as grouped by Occupation
(a)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 0.04 0.97
Retired 268 -0.06 0.90
Unemployed 146 -0.07 1.18
Parent 104 -0.07 1.14
Disabled 98 0.18 0.97
Student 85 -0.10 1.01
Full-time caregiver 31 -0.25 1.08
(b)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 0.12 0.95
Retired 268 -0.39 0.94
Unemployed 146 -0.05 1.11
Parent 104 0.16 1.08
Disabled 98 -0.17 1.09
Student 85 0.35 0.83
Full-time caregiver 31 -0.19 0.94
(c)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 0.05 0.97
Retired 268 -0.27 0.96
Unemployed 146 0.10 1.05
Parent 104 0.08 1.06
Disabled 98 -0.05 1.06
Student 85 0.32 0.91
Full-time caregiver 31 -0.44 1.09
(d)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 0.13 0.93
Retired 268 -0.25 0.93
Unemployed 146 -0.09 1.14
Parent 104 -0.16 1.16
Disabled 98 -0.29 1.07
Student 85 0.38 0.93
Full-time caregiver 31 -0.14 1.06
(e)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 0.11 1.01
Retired 268 -0.29 0.83
Unemployed 146 0.06 1.05
Parent 104 -0.06 1.06
Disabled 98 -0.33 0.98
Student 85 0.35 1.02
Full-time caregiver 31 -0.06 0.84
(f)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 -0.04 1.01
Retired 268 0.19 0.81
Unemployed 146 -0.15 1.14
Parent 104 0.03 1.11
Disabled 98 0.33 0.88
Student 85 -0.38 1.02
Full-time caregiver 31 0.04 0.97
(g)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 -0.04 0.98
Retired 268 0.12 0.94
Unemployed 146 -0.04 1.15
Parent 104 0.09 1.02
Disabled 98 0.15 1.00
Student 85 -0.23 1.03
Full-time caregiver 31 -0.05 0.94
(h)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 -0.04 1.00
Retired 268 0.11 0.89
Unemployed 146 -0.13 1.13
Parent 104 0.19 1.07
Disabled 98 0.24 0.91
Student 85 -0.24 1.09
Full-time caregiver 31 -0.17 0.75
(i)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 0.02 0.96
Retired 268 0.10 0.89
Unemployed 146 -0.21 1.19
Parent 104 0.10 1.09
Disabled 98 0.06 1.02
Student 85 -0.25 1.12
Full-time caregiver 31 -0.17 0.93
(j)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 0.02 0.98
Retired 268 -0.18 0.93
Unemployed 146 0.10 1.06
Parent 104 0.01 1.16
Disabled 98 0.18 1.02
Student 85 0.06 1.02
Full-time caregiver 31 -0.22 0.97

3.8 Area

Figure 183: Self_Direction
Figure 184: Stimulation
Figure 185: Hedonism
Figure 186: Achievement
Figure 187: Power
Figure 188: Security
Figure 189: Conformity
Figure 190: Tradition
Figure 191: Benevolence
Figure 192: Universalism
Figure 193: Self_Direction
Figure 194: Stimulation
Figure 195: Hedonism
Figure 196: Achievement
Figure 197: Power
Figure 198: Security
Figure 199: Conformity
Figure 200: Tradition
Figure 201: Benevolence
Figure 202: Universalism
Table 17
Table 18: Universalism as grouped by Area
(a)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 0.01 1.01
Rural 545 -0.01 0.99
(b)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 0.04 0.99
Rural 545 -0.07 1.01
(c)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 0.03 0.99
Rural 545 -0.06 1.02
(d)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 0.02 1.01
Rural 545 -0.03 0.99
(e)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 0.04 1.02
Rural 545 -0.07 0.95
(f)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 -0.02 1.01
Rural 545 0.04 0.98
(g)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 0.01 1.02
Rural 545 -0.01 0.97
(h)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 -0.05 1.01
Rural 545 0.08 0.97
(i)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 -0.01 1.01
Rural 545 0.01 0.98
(j)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 0.03 1
Rural 545 -0.06 1

3.9 Religious Affiliation

Figure 203: Self_Direction
Figure 204: Stimulation
Figure 205: Hedonism
Figure 206: Achievement
Figure 207: Power
Figure 208: Security
Figure 209: Conformity
Figure 210: Tradition
Figure 211: Benevolence
Figure 212: Universalism
Figure 213: Self_Direction
Figure 214: Stimulation
Figure 215: Hedonism
Figure 216: Achievement
Figure 217: Power
Figure 218: Security
Figure 219: Conformity
Figure 220: Tradition
Figure 221: Benevolence
Figure 222: Universalism
Table 19
Table 20: Universalism as grouped by Religious Affiliation
(a)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 -0.04 0.97
Muslim 9 -0.62 1.14
Jewish 52 0.26 0.77
Atheist/Agnostic 230 0.13 1.06
Not listed, No religion 195 0.02 1.09
(b)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 -0.06 1.00
Muslim 9 -0.13 0.93
Jewish 52 0.07 0.87
Atheist/Agnostic 230 0.06 0.99
Not listed, No religion 195 0.21 1.03
(c)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 -0.07 1.01
Muslim 9 -0.05 0.94
Jewish 52 0.07 0.89
Atheist/Agnostic 230 0.09 0.98
Not listed, No religion 195 0.24 0.95
(d)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 0.02 0.97
Muslim 9 -0.05 1.17
Jewish 52 0.13 0.90
Atheist/Agnostic 230 -0.17 1.08
Not listed, No religion 195 0.07 1.06
(e)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 -0.01 0.99
Muslim 9 1.01 0.69
Jewish 52 0.18 1.01
Atheist/Agnostic 230 -0.09 1.00
Not listed, No religion 195 0.08 1.03
(f)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 0.11 0.95
Muslim 9 -0.47 1.00
Jewish 52 0.09 0.87
Atheist/Agnostic 230 -0.32 1.03
Not listed, No religion 195 -0.19 1.15
(g)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 0.10 0.96
Muslim 9 0.18 0.81
Jewish 52 0.13 0.91
Atheist/Agnostic 230 -0.33 1.05
Not listed, No religion 195 -0.16 1.07
(h)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 0.22 0.91
Muslim 9 0.01 1.05
Jewish 52 -0.02 0.84
Atheist/Agnostic 230 -0.82 0.93
Not listed, No religion 195 -0.20 1.04
(i)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 0.07 0.96
Muslim 9 -0.81 1.18
Jewish 52 0.15 0.80
Atheist/Agnostic 230 -0.23 1.09
Not listed, No religion 195 -0.11 1.09
(j)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 -0.03 0.95
Muslim 9 -0.35 1.12
Jewish 52 0.01 1.07
Atheist/Agnostic 230 0.06 1.13
Not listed, No religion 195 0.10 1.06

3.10 Section Summary

  Values (10 fold)
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 4.50 4.36 – 4.64 <.001
Age 0.02 -0.00 – 0.04 .061
Income 0.03 0.01 – 0.04 .004
Education -0.04 -0.07 – -0.00 .031
Gender (Male) -0.13 -0.20 – -0.06 <.001
Observations 1500
R2 / R2 adjusted .017 / .014

4 Political Behavior

4.1 Political Orientation

Correlation with General Conservatism, Economic Conservatism, Social Conservatism

Figure 223: Self_Direction
Figure 224: Stimulation
Figure 225: Hedonism
Figure 226: Achievement
Figure 227: Power
Figure 228: Security
Figure 229: Conformity
Figure 230: Tradition
Figure 231: Benevolence
Figure 232: Universalism
Figure 233: Self_Direction
Figure 234: Stimulation
Figure 235: Hedonism
Figure 236: Achievement
Figure 237: Power
Figure 238: Security
Figure 239: Conformity
Figure 240: Tradition
Figure 241: Benevolence
Figure 242: Universalism
Figure 243: Self_Direction
Figure 244: Stimulation
Figure 245: Hedonism
Figure 246: Achievement
Figure 247: Power
Figure 248: Security
Figure 249: Conformity
Figure 250: Tradition
Figure 251: Benevolence
Figure 252: Universalism

Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

Table 21: Values (10 fold) and Political Orientation
Table 22: Values (10 fold) models and Demographics

4.2 Partisanship

Figure 253: Self_Direction
Figure 254: Stimulation
Figure 255: Hedonism
Figure 256: Achievement
Figure 257: Power
Figure 258: Security
Figure 259: Conformity
Figure 260: Tradition
Figure 261: Benevolence
Figure 262: Universalism
Table 23: Mean Self_Direction by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 5.04 0.87
Democrat 223 4.91 0.80
Leaning Democrat 124 5.01 0.76
Independent 84 4.79 0.87
Leaning Republican 111 4.95 0.78
Republican 255 4.76 0.83
Strong Republican 318 4.86 0.82
Table 24: Mean Stimulation by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 4.21 1.10
Democrat 223 4.11 1.03
Leaning Democrat 124 4.31 1.08
Independent 84 3.91 1.02
Leaning Republican 111 3.92 1.08
Republican 255 3.85 1.12
Strong Republican 318 3.89 1.05
Table 25: Mean Hedonism by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 4.63 1.01
Democrat 223 4.43 0.98
Leaning Democrat 124 4.62 0.98
Independent 84 4.33 0.96
Leaning Republican 111 4.33 1.01
Republican 255 4.26 1.02
Strong Republican 318 4.31 1.01
Table 26: Mean Achievement by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 4.27 1.04
Democrat 223 4.25 1.00
Leaning Democrat 124 4.30 1.04
Independent 84 3.99 0.94
Leaning Republican 111 4.18 0.98
Republican 255 4.09 1.00
Strong Republican 318 4.22 0.93
Table 27: Mean Power by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 2.97 1.17
Democrat 223 3.14 1.11
Leaning Democrat 124 2.89 1.17
Independent 84 2.87 1.03
Leaning Republican 111 2.73 1.03
Republican 255 3.00 1.11
Strong Republican 318 2.90 1.09
Table 28: Mean Security by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 4.83 0.93
Democrat 223 4.80 0.84
Leaning Democrat 124 4.87 0.78
Independent 84 4.54 0.82
Leaning Republican 111 4.97 0.71
Republican 255 4.92 0.80
Strong Republican 318 5.03 0.71
Table 29: Mean Conformity by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 4.23 1.03
Democrat 223 4.18 0.97
Leaning Democrat 124 4.20 1.01
Independent 84 3.95 1.02
Leaning Republican 111 4.15 0.85
Republican 255 4.31 0.93
Strong Republican 318 4.37 0.89
Table 30: Mean Tradition by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 4.00 1.04
Democrat 223 4.15 0.95
Leaning Democrat 124 3.99 0.98
Independent 84 3.94 0.90
Leaning Republican 111 4.27 0.96
Republican 255 4.44 0.87
Strong Republican 318 4.58 0.79
Table 31: Mean Benevolence by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 5.07 0.85
Democrat 223 4.93 0.83
Leaning Democrat 124 5.06 0.86
Independent 84 4.68 0.98
Leaning Republican 111 5.03 0.88
Republican 255 5.00 0.85
Strong Republican 318 5.08 0.86
Table 32: Mean Universalism by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 4.96 0.87
Democrat 223 4.70 0.81
Leaning Democrat 124 4.87 0.85
Independent 84 4.33 0.90
Leaning Republican 111 4.25 0.95
Republican 255 4.28 0.87
Strong Republican 318 4.25 0.87
Table 33: Values (10 fold) & Party Identity (7-point)
Table 34: Values (10 fold) & Party Identity with Controls

4.3 Religiosity

Figure 263: Self_Direction
Figure 264: Stimulation
Figure 265: Hedonism
Figure 266: Achievement
Figure 267: Power
Figure 268: Security
Figure 269: Conformity
Figure 270: Tradition
Figure 271: Benevolence
Figure 272: Universalism
Figure 273: Self_Direction
Figure 274: Stimulation
Figure 275: Hedonism
Figure 276: Achievement
Figure 277: Power
Figure 278: Security
Figure 279: Conformity
Figure 280: Tradition
Figure 281: Benevolence
Figure 282: Universalism

Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

Figure 283: Self_Direction
Figure 284: Stimulation
Figure 285: Hedonism
Figure 286: Achievement
Figure 287: Power
Figure 288: Security
Figure 289: Conformity
Figure 290: Tradition
Figure 291: Benevolence
Figure 292: Universalism

4.4 Candidate Preferences

Figure 293: Self_Direction
Figure 294: Stimulation
Figure 295: Hedonism
Figure 296: Achievement
Figure 297: Power
Figure 298: Security
Figure 299: Conformity
Figure 300: Tradition
Figure 301: Benevolence
Figure 302: Universalism
Table 35: Candidate Preference and Self_Direction [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 0.02 0.98
Hillary Clinton 371 0.05 0.95
Bernie Sanders 362 0.05 1.07
Ted Cruz 122 -0.20 0.96
Jeb Bush 83 -0.14 0.87
Gary Johnson 68 0.05 1.01
Rand Paul 44 -0.18 0.96
Table 36: Candidate Preference and Stimulation [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 -0.06 0.97
Hillary Clinton 371 0.12 1.01
Bernie Sanders 362 0.12 0.97
Ted Cruz 122 -0.31 1.02
Jeb Bush 83 -0.11 0.95
Gary Johnson 68 -0.06 1.12
Rand Paul 44 -0.17 0.93
Table 37: Candidate Preference and Hedonism [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 -0.01 1.00
Hillary Clinton 371 0.08 0.98
Bernie Sanders 362 0.14 0.98
Ted Cruz 122 -0.37 0.96
Jeb Bush 83 -0.13 0.94
Gary Johnson 68 -0.12 1.02
Rand Paul 44 -0.17 1.11
Table 38: Candidate Preference and Achievement [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 0.03 0.98
Hillary Clinton 371 0.05 0.99
Bernie Sanders 362 0.02 1.02
Ted Cruz 122 -0.32 0.93
Jeb Bush 83 0.06 0.91
Gary Johnson 68 0.01 1.17
Rand Paul 44 -0.09 0.95
Table 39: Candidate Preference and Power [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 0.02 1.02
Hillary Clinton 371 0.13 1.03
Bernie Sanders 362 -0.06 0.97
Ted Cruz 122 -0.24 0.91
Jeb Bush 83 0.10 0.94
Gary Johnson 68 -0.07 1.04
Rand Paul 44 -0.14 0.94
Table 40: Candidate Preference and Security [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 0.20 0.91
Hillary Clinton 371 0.02 1.00
Bernie Sanders 362 -0.24 1.11
Ted Cruz 122 0.07 0.84
Jeb Bush 83 0.04 0.80
Gary Johnson 68 -0.23 1.03
Rand Paul 44 -0.07 0.95
Table 41: Candidate Preference and Conformity [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 0.09 0.98
Hillary Clinton 371 0.14 0.98
Bernie Sanders 362 -0.20 1.07
Ted Cruz 122 0.05 0.89
Jeb Bush 83 0.04 0.78
Gary Johnson 68 -0.26 1.03
Rand Paul 44 -0.16 1.01
Table 42: Candidate Preference and Tradition [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 0.29 0.89
Hillary Clinton 371 -0.07 1.02
Bernie Sanders 362 -0.40 1.02
Ted Cruz 122 0.33 0.86
Jeb Bush 83 0.13 0.76
Gary Johnson 68 -0.22 1.06
Rand Paul 44 0.19 0.93
Table 43: Candidate Preference and Benevolence [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 0.09 0.97
Hillary Clinton 371 -0.01 0.97
Bernie Sanders 362 -0.05 1.04
Ted Cruz 122 -0.04 1.01
Jeb Bush 83 0.00 0.83
Gary Johnson 68 -0.16 1.21
Rand Paul 44 0.04 0.88
Table 44: Candidate Preference and Universalism [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 -0.22 0.96
Hillary Clinton 371 0.25 0.92
Bernie Sanders 362 0.33 0.98
Ted Cruz 122 -0.45 0.94
Jeb Bush 83 -0.32 0.78
Gary Johnson 68 -0.24 1.10
Rand Paul 44 -0.40 1.02
Table 45: Candidate Preference and Self_Direction [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 4.92 0.82
Hillary Clinton 371 4.95 0.80
Bernie Sanders 362 4.95 0.90
Ted Cruz 122 4.74 0.81
Jeb Bush 83 4.79 0.73
Gary Johnson 68 4.95 0.85
Rand Paul 44 4.76 0.80
Table 46: Candidate Preference and Stimulation [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 3.96 1.06
Hillary Clinton 371 4.16 1.10
Bernie Sanders 362 4.16 1.06
Ted Cruz 122 3.69 1.11
Jeb Bush 83 3.91 1.03
Gary Johnson 68 3.97 1.22
Rand Paul 44 3.84 1.01
Table 47: Candidate Preference and Hedonism [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 4.41 1.01
Hillary Clinton 371 4.50 0.99
Bernie Sanders 362 4.57 0.99
Ted Cruz 122 4.05 0.97
Jeb Bush 83 4.29 0.95
Gary Johnson 68 4.30 1.03
Rand Paul 44 4.25 1.12
Table 48: Candidate Preference and Achievement [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 4.22 0.97
Hillary Clinton 371 4.25 0.99
Bernie Sanders 362 4.21 1.02
Ted Cruz 122 3.88 0.93
Jeb Bush 83 4.26 0.91
Gary Johnson 68 4.20 1.16
Rand Paul 44 4.11 0.95
Table 49: Candidate Preference and Power [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 2.97 1.14
Hillary Clinton 371 3.09 1.15
Bernie Sanders 362 2.88 1.08
Ted Cruz 122 2.67 1.02
Jeb Bush 83 3.06 1.04
Gary Johnson 68 2.87 1.16
Rand Paul 44 2.80 1.04
Table 50: Candidate Preference and Security [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 5.04 0.76
Hillary Clinton 371 4.89 0.83
Bernie Sanders 362 4.67 0.92
Ted Cruz 122 4.94 0.70
Jeb Bush 83 4.91 0.67
Gary Johnson 68 4.69 0.86
Rand Paul 44 4.82 0.79
Table 51: Candidate Preference and Conformity [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 4.32 0.95
Hillary Clinton 371 4.37 0.95
Bernie Sanders 362 4.04 1.04
Ted Cruz 122 4.28 0.87
Jeb Bush 83 4.27 0.75
Gary Johnson 68 3.98 1.00
Rand Paul 44 4.07 0.98
Table 52: Candidate Preference and Tradition [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 4.51 0.85
Hillary Clinton 371 4.17 0.99
Bernie Sanders 362 3.85 0.98
Ted Cruz 122 4.55 0.83
Jeb Bush 83 4.36 0.74
Gary Johnson 68 4.02 1.02
Rand Paul 44 4.42 0.89
Table 53: Candidate Preference and Benevolence [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 5.09 0.84
Hillary Clinton 371 4.99 0.85
Bernie Sanders 362 4.96 0.91
Ted Cruz 122 4.97 0.88
Jeb Bush 83 5.00 0.72
Gary Johnson 68 4.87 1.06
Rand Paul 44 5.04 0.76
Table 54: Candidate Preference and Universalism [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 4.34 0.89
Hillary Clinton 371 4.78 0.85
Bernie Sanders 362 4.85 0.90
Ted Cruz 122 4.13 0.87
Jeb Bush 83 4.24 0.72
Gary Johnson 68 4.32 1.01
Rand Paul 44 4.17 0.94

4.5 Party Preferences

Figure 303: Self_Direction
Figure 304: Stimulation
Figure 305: Hedonism
Figure 306: Achievement
Figure 307: Power
Figure 308: Security
Figure 309: Conformity
Figure 310: Tradition
Figure 311: Benevolence
Figure 312: Universalism
Table 55: Party Preference and Self_Direction [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.09 0.99
Republican Party 508 -0.13 0.98
Libertarian Party 100 0.16 0.86
Green Party 40 0.33 1.06
Tea Party 68 0.25 0.94
Constitution Party 14 -0.22 1.17
None 120 -0.06 1.10
Don't know 90 -0.26 0.99
Table 56: Party Preference and Stimulation [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.16 0.99
Republican Party 508 -0.10 0.96
Libertarian Party 100 0.04 1.05
Green Party 40 0.23 0.96
Tea Party 68 -0.45 0.98
Constitution Party 14 -0.34 0.84
None 120 -0.11 1.12
Don't know 90 -0.02 0.93
Table 57: Party Preference and Hedonism [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.13 1.00
Republican Party 508 -0.08 0.97
Libertarian Party 100 0.04 1.06
Green Party 40 0.01 1.09
Tea Party 68 -0.43 1.07
Constitution Party 14 -0.47 1.05
None 120 -0.06 0.97
Don't know 90 0.10 0.92
Table 58: Party Preference and Achievement [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.09 1.01
Republican Party 508 0.02 0.93
Libertarian Party 100 0.05 1.14
Green Party 40 -0.15 1.16
Tea Party 68 -0.19 0.90
Constitution Party 14 -0.05 1.16
None 120 -0.33 1.11
Don't know 90 -0.09 0.89
Table 59: Party Preference and Power [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.10 1.02
Republican Party 508 0.01 0.99
Libertarian Party 100 -0.03 0.96
Green Party 40 -0.41 1.00
Tea Party 68 -0.36 0.86
Constitution Party 14 -0.33 0.73
None 120 -0.16 1.03
Don't know 90 0.09 0.96
Table 60: Party Preference and Security [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 -0.04 1.05
Republican Party 508 0.15 0.91
Libertarian Party 100 -0.08 0.98
Green Party 40 -0.33 1.22
Tea Party 68 0.26 0.64
Constitution Party 14 -0.09 0.98
None 120 -0.23 1.12
Don't know 90 -0.20 1.02
Table 61: Party Preference and Conformity [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.02 1.02
Republican Party 508 0.17 0.91
Libertarian Party 100 -0.25 0.98
Green Party 40 -0.39 1.11
Tea Party 68 -0.31 0.97
Constitution Party 14 0.06 0.75
None 120 -0.26 1.12
Don't know 90 -0.04 1.04
Table 62: Party Preference and Tradition [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 -0.19 1.05
Republican Party 508 0.32 0.86
Libertarian Party 100 -0.32 1.02
Green Party 40 -0.55 1.07
Tea Party 68 0.07 0.86
Constitution Party 14 0.40 0.76
None 120 -0.02 0.98
Don't know 90 -0.12 0.98
Table 63: Party Preference and Benevolence [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.01 0.97
Republican Party 508 0.08 0.99
Libertarian Party 100 -0.07 1.04
Green Party 40 0.13 0.95
Tea Party 68 0.06 0.86
Constitution Party 14 -0.04 1.02
None 120 -0.23 1.14
Don't know 90 -0.22 1.07
Table 64: Party Preference and Universalism [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.34 0.92
Republican Party 508 -0.23 0.92
Libertarian Party 100 -0.11 1.04
Green Party 40 0.82 0.73
Tea Party 68 -0.71 0.95
Constitution Party 14 -0.28 0.79
None 120 -0.19 1.11
Don't know 90 -0.24 1.02
Table 65: Party Preference and Self_Direction [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 4.99 0.83
Republican Party 508 4.80 0.82
Libertarian Party 100 5.04 0.72
Green Party 40 5.18 0.89
Tea Party 68 5.12 0.79
Constitution Party 14 4.73 0.98
None 120 4.86 0.92
Don't know 90 4.69 0.83
Table 66: Party Preference and Stimulation [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 4.21 1.08
Republican Party 508 3.92 1.04
Libertarian Party 100 4.07 1.15
Green Party 40 4.28 1.04
Tea Party 68 3.54 1.07
Constitution Party 14 3.67 0.92
None 120 3.91 1.22
Don't know 90 4.01 1.02
Table 67: Party Preference and Hedonism [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 4.56 1.01
Republican Party 508 4.34 0.99
Libertarian Party 100 4.46 1.07
Green Party 40 4.43 1.10
Tea Party 68 3.99 1.08
Constitution Party 14 3.95 1.07
None 120 4.37 0.98
Don't know 90 4.52 0.94
Table 68: Party Preference and Achievement [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 4.28 1.01
Republican Party 508 4.22 0.93
Libertarian Party 100 4.25 1.13
Green Party 40 4.04 1.16
Tea Party 68 4.01 0.90
Constitution Party 14 4.14 1.16
None 120 3.87 1.10
Don't know 90 4.11 0.88
Table 69: Party Preference and Power [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 3.06 1.13
Republican Party 508 2.95 1.10
Libertarian Party 100 2.91 1.07
Green Party 40 2.50 1.12
Tea Party 68 2.55 0.95
Constitution Party 14 2.58 0.82
None 120 2.77 1.15
Don't know 90 3.05 1.07
Table 70: Party Preference and Security [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 4.84 0.87
Republican Party 508 5.00 0.76
Libertarian Party 100 4.80 0.82
Green Party 40 4.60 1.02
Tea Party 68 5.09 0.53
Constitution Party 14 4.80 0.82
None 120 4.68 0.93
Don't know 90 4.71 0.85
Table 71: Party Preference and Conformity [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 4.25 0.99
Republican Party 508 4.39 0.88
Libertarian Party 100 3.98 0.95
Green Party 40 3.85 1.08
Tea Party 68 3.93 0.95
Constitution Party 14 4.29 0.73
None 120 3.98 1.09
Don't know 90 4.19 1.01
Table 72: Party Preference and Tradition [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 4.05 1.01
Republican Party 508 4.54 0.83
Libertarian Party 100 3.92 0.98
Green Party 40 3.70 1.03
Tea Party 68 4.30 0.83
Constitution Party 14 4.62 0.73
None 120 4.22 0.94
Don't know 90 4.11 0.94
Table 73: Party Preference and Benevolence [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 5.01 0.84
Republican Party 508 5.07 0.87
Libertarian Party 100 4.94 0.91
Green Party 40 5.11 0.83
Tea Party 68 5.05 0.75
Constitution Party 14 4.96 0.89
None 120 4.80 0.99
Don't know 90 4.81 0.93
Table 74: Party Preference and Universalism [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 4.86 0.85
Republican Party 508 4.33 0.85
Libertarian Party 100 4.45 0.96
Green Party 40 5.30 0.68
Tea Party 68 3.88 0.88
Constitution Party 14 4.29 0.73
None 120 4.37 1.02
Don't know 90 4.32 0.94

4.6 Voting

Table 75

    4.7 Voting & Party Identity

    Figure 313: Self_Direction
    Figure 314: Stimulation
    Figure 315: Hedonism
    Figure 316: Achievement
    Figure 317: Power
    Figure 318: Security
    Figure 319: Conformity
    Figure 320: Tradition
    Figure 321: Benevolence
    Figure 322: Universalism
    Table 76: Self_Direction and Party Identity
    Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
    Strong Republican 282 7
    Republican 166 24
    Leaning Republican 58 7
    Independent 17 16
    Leaning Democrat 10 65
    Democrat 27 129
    Strong Democrat 4 323
    Table 77: Stimulation and Party Identity
    Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
    Strong Republican 282 7
    Republican 166 24
    Leaning Republican 58 7
    Independent 17 16
    Leaning Democrat 10 65
    Democrat 27 129
    Strong Democrat 4 323
    Table 78: Hedonism and Party Identity
    Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
    Strong Republican 282 7
    Republican 166 24
    Leaning Republican 58 7
    Independent 17 16
    Leaning Democrat 10 65
    Democrat 27 129
    Strong Democrat 4 323
    Table 79: Achievement and Party Identity
    Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
    Strong Republican 282 7
    Republican 166 24
    Leaning Republican 58 7
    Independent 17 16
    Leaning Democrat 10 65
    Democrat 27 129
    Strong Democrat 4 323
    Table 80: Power and Party Identity
    Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
    Strong Republican 282 7
    Republican 166 24
    Leaning Republican 58 7
    Independent 17 16
    Leaning Democrat 10 65
    Democrat 27 129
    Strong Democrat 4 323
    Table 81: Security and Party Identity
    Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
    Strong Republican 282 7
    Republican 166 24
    Leaning Republican 58 7
    Independent 17 16
    Leaning Democrat 10 65
    Democrat 27 129
    Strong Democrat 4 323
    Table 82: Conformity and Party Identity
    Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
    Strong Republican 282 7
    Republican 166 24
    Leaning Republican 58 7
    Independent 17 16
    Leaning Democrat 10 65
    Democrat 27 129
    Strong Democrat 4 323
    Table 83: Tradition and Party Identity
    Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
    Strong Republican 282 7
    Republican 166 24
    Leaning Republican 58 7
    Independent 17 16
    Leaning Democrat 10 65
    Democrat 27 129
    Strong Democrat 4 323
    Table 84: Benevolence and Party Identity
    Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
    Strong Republican 282 7
    Republican 166 24
    Leaning Republican 58 7
    Independent 17 16
    Leaning Democrat 10 65
    Democrat 27 129
    Strong Democrat 4 323
    Table 85: Universalism and Party Identity
    Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
    Strong Republican 282 7
    Republican 166 24
    Leaning Republican 58 7
    Independent 17 16
    Leaning Democrat 10 65
    Democrat 27 129
    Strong Democrat 4 323
    Table 86
    Figure 323: Self_Direction
    Figure 324: Stimulation
    Figure 325: Hedonism
    Figure 326: Achievement
    Figure 327: Power
    Figure 328: Security
    Figure 329: Conformity
    Figure 330: Tradition
    Figure 331: Benevolence
    Figure 332: Universalism

    4.8 Likeability

    Figure 333: Self_Direction
    Figure 334: Stimulation
    Figure 335: Hedonism
    Figure 336: Achievement
    Figure 337: Power
    Figure 338: Security
    Figure 339: Conformity
    Figure 340: Tradition
    Figure 341: Benevolence
    Figure 342: Universalism
    Figure 343: Self_Direction
    Figure 344: Stimulation
    Figure 345: Hedonism
    Figure 346: Achievement
    Figure 347: Power
    Figure 348: Security
    Figure 349: Conformity
    Figure 350: Tradition
    Figure 351: Benevolence
    Figure 352: Universalism

    Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

    Figure 353: Self_Direction
    Figure 354: Stimulation
    Figure 355: Hedonism
    Figure 356: Achievement
    Figure 357: Power
    Figure 358: Security
    Figure 359: Conformity
    Figure 360: Tradition
    Figure 361: Benevolence
    Figure 362: Universalism
    Figure 363: Self_Direction
    Figure 364: Stimulation
    Figure 365: Hedonism
    Figure 366: Achievement
    Figure 367: Power
    Figure 368: Security
    Figure 369: Conformity
    Figure 370: Tradition
    Figure 371: Benevolence
    Figure 372: Universalism

    Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

    Figure 373: Self_Direction
    Figure 374: Stimulation
    Figure 375: Hedonism
    Figure 376: Achievement
    Figure 377: Power
    Figure 378: Security
    Figure 379: Conformity
    Figure 380: Tradition
    Figure 381: Benevolence
    Figure 382: Universalism
    Figure 383: Self_Direction
    Figure 384: Stimulation
    Figure 385: Hedonism
    Figure 386: Achievement
    Figure 387: Power
    Figure 388: Security
    Figure 389: Conformity
    Figure 390: Tradition
    Figure 391: Benevolence
    Figure 392: Universalism

    Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

    5 Politico-Psychological correlates of Values (10 fold)


    5.1 Ideologies and Partisanship

    Figure 393: Self_Direction
    Figure 394: Stimulation
    Figure 395: Hedonism
    Figure 396: Achievement
    Figure 397: Power
    Figure 398: Security
    Figure 399: Conformity
    Figure 400: Tradition
    Figure 401: Benevolence
    Figure 402: Universalism

    5.2 Populism, Nationalism, Nativism, and Patriotism

    Figure 403: Self_Direction
    Figure 404: Stimulation
    Figure 405: Hedonism
    Figure 406: Achievement
    Figure 407: Power
    Figure 408: Security
    Figure 409: Conformity
    Figure 410: Tradition
    Figure 411: Benevolence
    Figure 412: Universalism



    5.3 Political Psychology

    Figure 413: Self_Direction
    Figure 414: Stimulation
    Figure 415: Hedonism
    Figure 416: Achievement
    Figure 417: Power
    Figure 418: Security
    Figure 419: Conformity
    Figure 420: Tradition
    Figure 421: Benevolence
    Figure 422: Universalism

    5.4 Social Justice Concerns, Empathy, and Prejudice

    Figure 423: Self_Direction
    Figure 424: Stimulation
    Figure 425: Hedonism
    Figure 426: Achievement
    Figure 427: Power
    Figure 428: Security
    Figure 429: Conformity
    Figure 430: Tradition
    Figure 431: Benevolence
    Figure 432: Universalism



    5.5 Values

    Figure 433: Self_Direction
    Figure 434: Stimulation
    Figure 435: Hedonism
    Figure 436: Achievement
    Figure 437: Power
    Figure 438: Security
    Figure 439: Conformity
    Figure 440: Tradition
    Figure 441: Benevolence
    Figure 442: Universalism



    5.6 Pot-Pourri

    Figure 443: Self_Direction
    Figure 444: Stimulation
    Figure 445: Hedonism
    Figure 446: Achievement
    Figure 447: Power
    Figure 448: Security
    Figure 449: Conformity
    Figure 450: Tradition
    Figure 451: Benevolence
    Figure 452: Universalism



    5.7 Positive and Negative correlates of Values (10 fold)

    Figure 453: Self_Direction
    Figure 454: Stimulation
    Figure 455: Hedonism
    Figure 456: Achievement
    Figure 457: Power
    Figure 458: Security
    Figure 459: Conformity
    Figure 460: Tradition
    Figure 461: Benevolence
    Figure 462: Universalism
    Figure 463: Self_Direction
    Figure 464: Stimulation
    Figure 465: Hedonism
    Figure 466: Achievement
    Figure 467: Power
    Figure 468: Security
    Figure 469: Conformity
    Figure 470: Tradition
    Figure 471: Benevolence
    Figure 472: Universalism

    6 Elastic Net Analysis

    Figure 473: Elastic net predicting Values (10 fold): Political Psychology
    Figure 474: Elastic net predicting Values (10 fold): Ideology & Partisanship
    Figure 475: Elastic net predicting Values (10 fold): Demographics
    Figure 476: Elastic net predicting Values (10 fold): Attitudes
    Figure 477: Elastic net predicting Values (10 fold): Everything
    Table 87: Elastic Net Summary
    Elastic Net R² for predicting Values (10 fold)
    Variable Group # Predictors R²
    Political Psychology 5 .128
    Ideology & Partisanship 5 .034
    Demographics 5 .018
    Attitudes 6 .124
    Everything 21 .204