PPBS

Values (4 fold) [2016]

A Politico-Psychological Analysis

Report generated

June 15, 2026

1 Study Characteristics

1.1 Items: Values (4 fold)

1.2 Sample

N=1500

To conduct a exploratory and a confirmatory large surveys during the general election, we hired a professional survey firm (SSI, a US-based market research company that recruits participants from a panel of 7,139,027 American citizens; more information can be found at www.surveysampling.com (now https://www.dynata.com/) to recruit a nationally representative sample of 1,500 Americans (50.7% women) who completed study materials during the general election from August 16-September 9, 2016. (Information about sampling and exclusion criteria is included in the Supplement). The age distribution was as follows: 18-24 (12.9%), 25-34 (17.6%), 35-44 (17.5%), 45-54 (19.5%), 55-65 (15.6%) and older than 65 (16.9%). The ethnic breakdown was: White/European American (82.5%), Black/African American (7.7%), Latino (5.9%) and “Other” (4.0%). Concerning religion, 67.6% identified as Christian, 17.1% as religiously affiliated but not Christian, and 15.3% as Atheist/Agnostic. With respect to education 35.1% indicated “high school only or lower,” 31.4 % indicated “some college,” and 33.6% indicated having received a “Bachelor” or “Graduate” degree. 2424 participants were directed to the survey, 1885 of which finished the survey (attrition rate 22%).

We followed recommendations to minimize the problem of careless responding in online studies. Specifically, we employed 10 random attention questions and time controls to check for data quality. There were 385 participants who failed more than one attention check or finished the survey in under ~22 minutes and were therefore excluded from the sample. For the 1500 participants who successfully finished the survey, completion time was 67 minutes on average (MD: 51min).

2 Descriptives

2.1 Means, SD, Range, & SE

Table 1: Descriptives
Descriptives for Values (4 fold)
mean sd median
Self_Transcendence_mean 4.73 0.82 4.80
Self_Enhancement_mean 3.36 0.96 3.33
Openness_to_change_mean 4.57 0.79 4.58
Conservation_mean 4.46 0.82 4.47
values_4 4.37 0.65 4.37
Note:
n = 1500, min = 1, max = 6, se = 0.02
Table 2: Descriptives – Item Level
Descriptives for Values (4 fold) at Item Level
mean sd median se
Self_Transcendence1 4.68 1.23 5.00 0.03
Self_Transcendence2 3.94 1.36 4.00 0.04
Self_Transcendence3 4.31 1.32 4.00 0.03
Self_Transcendence4 4.49 1.31 5.00 0.03
Self_Transcendence5 4.56 1.30 5.00 0.03
Self_Transcendence6 4.84 1.14 5.00 0.03
Self_Transcendence7 4.79 1.25 5.00 0.03
Self_Transcendence8 4.70 1.19 5.00 0.03
Self_Transcendence9 4.60 1.19 5.00 0.03
Self_Transcendence10 5.19 1.04 6.00 0.03
Self_Transcendence11 5.24 1.02 6.00 0.03
Self_Transcendence12 4.63 1.20 5.00 0.03
Self_Transcendence13 4.79 1.10 5.00 0.03
Self_Transcendence14 5.26 1.00 6.00 0.03
Self_Transcendence15 4.90 1.19 5.00 0.03
Self_Enhancement1 4.94 1.13 5.00 0.03
Self_Enhancement2 4.05 1.33 4.00 0.03
Self_Enhancement3 3.59 1.45 4.00 0.04
Self_Enhancement4 3.30 1.55 3.00 0.04
Self_Enhancement5 2.66 1.48 2.00 0.04
Self_Enhancement6 2.81 1.46 3.00 0.04
Self_Enhancement7 3.28 1.45 3.00 0.04
Self_Enhancement8 3.18 1.42 3.00 0.04
Self_Enhancement9 2.46 1.51 2.00 0.04
Openness_to_change1 4.90 1.08 5.00 0.03
Openness_to_change2 5.12 1.02 5.00 0.03
Openness_to_change3 4.91 1.01 5.00 0.03
Openness_to_change4 5.19 1.01 5.50 0.03
Openness_to_change5 4.34 1.24 4.00 0.03
Openness_to_change6 4.98 1.09 5.00 0.03
Openness_to_change7 4.32 1.22 4.00 0.03
Openness_to_change8 3.47 1.48 4.00 0.04
Openness_to_change9 4.30 1.29 4.00 0.03
Openness_to_change10 4.42 1.17 4.00 0.03
Openness_to_change11 4.86 1.09 5.00 0.03
Openness_to_change12 4.00 1.35 4.00 0.03
Conservation1 5.06 1.06 5.00 0.03
Conservation2 5.20 1.00 5.00 0.03
Conservation3 4.20 1.37 4.00 0.04
Conservation4 5.14 1.02 5.00 0.03
Conservation5 4.74 1.19 5.00 0.03
Conservation6 4.92 1.18 5.00 0.03
Conservation7 4.32 1.55 5.00 0.04
Conservation8 3.76 1.67 4.00 0.04
Conservation9 4.19 1.46 4.00 0.04
Conservation10 4.47 1.25 5.00 0.03
Conservation11 4.66 1.23 5.00 0.03
Conservation12 4.62 1.27 5.00 0.03
Conservation13 4.16 1.33 4.00 0.03
Conservation14 3.65 1.43 4.00 0.04
Conservation15 3.83 1.43 4.00 0.04
values_4 4.37 0.65 4.37 0.02
Self_Transcendence_mean 4.73 0.82 4.80 0.02
Self_Enhancement_mean 3.36 0.96 3.33 0.02
Openness_to_change_mean 4.57 0.79 4.58 0.02
Conservation_mean 4.46 0.82 4.47 0.02
Note:
All items: n = 1500, min = 1, max = 6. values_4: min = 1, max = 6. Self_Transcendence_mean: min = 1, max = 6. Self_Enhancement_mean: min = 1, max = 6. Openness_to_change_mean: min = 1, max = 6. Conservation_mean: min = 1, max = 6

2.2 Response Distribution

Figure 1: Proportion of each construct of Values (4 fold) at item level: Self_Transcendence
Figure 2: Proportion of each construct of Values (4 fold) at item level: Self_Enhancement
Figure 3: Proportion of each construct of Values (4 fold) at item level: Openness_to_change
Figure 4: Proportion of each construct of Values (4 fold) at item level: Conservation
Figure 5: Self_Transcendence
Figure 6: Self_Enhancement
Figure 7: Openness_to_change
Figure 8: Conservation

2.3 Correlations

2.3.1 Correlation Plots

Figure 9: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Values (4 fold)
Figure 10: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Self_Transcendence
Figure 11: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Self_Enhancement
Figure 12: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Openness_to_change
Figure 13: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Conservation

Note. Upper triangle shows Spearman’s rank-order correlations. *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05.

2.3.2 PIDF

Figure 14: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Values (4 fold)
Figure 15: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Self_Transcendence
Figure 16: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Self_Enhancement
Figure 17: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Openness_to_change
Figure 18: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Conservation

Note. Upper triangle shows Spearman’s rank-order correlations by party identity. *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05.

2.3.3 Correlation Matrix

3 Demographics

3.1 Social Class

Figure 19: Self_Transcendence
Figure 20: Self_Enhancement
Figure 21: Openness_to_change
Figure 22: Conservation
Figure 23: Self_Transcendence
Figure 24: Self_Enhancement
Figure 25: Openness_to_change
Figure 26: Conservation

Note on the Raincloud Plots

  • Statistical summary (top): Welch’s t-test (or ANOVA) results, effect size, confidence intervals, p-values, and sample sizes are shown above each plot.
  • Bayesian analysis (bottom): Log Bayes factor and credible intervals are reported below each plot.
Table 3
Table 4: Conservation as grouped by SES
(a)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 -0.09 1.17
Lower Middle Class 298 -0.05 1.14
Middle Middle Class 679 0.06 0.98
Upper Middle Class 395 -0.01 0.91
Rich 90 -0.16 0.93
(b)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 -0.29 0.99
Lower Middle Class 298 -0.11 1.04
Middle Middle Class 679 -0.02 1.02
Upper Middle Class 395 0.08 0.93
Rich 90 0.28 0.95
(c)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 -0.13 1.02
Lower Middle Class 298 -0.07 1.12
Middle Middle Class 679 0.05 1.01
Upper Middle Class 395 -0.01 0.91
Rich 90 -0.05 0.88
(d)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 38 -0.04 1.01
Lower Middle Class 298 -0.13 1.08
Middle Middle Class 679 0.10 1.02
Upper Middle Class 395 -0.04 0.92
Rich 90 -0.14 0.80

3.2 Gender

Figure 27: Values (4 fold) Facets, as grouped by Gender: Self_Transcendence
Figure 28: Values (4 fold) Facets, as grouped by Gender: Self_Enhancement
Figure 29: Values (4 fold) Facets, as grouped by Gender: Openness_to_change
Figure 30: Values (4 fold) Facets, as grouped by Gender: Conservation
Figure 31: Self_Transcendence
Figure 32: Self_Enhancement
Figure 33: Openness_to_change
Figure 34: Conservation
Table 5
Table 6: Conservation as grouped by Gender
(a)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.15 0.95
Male 740 -0.16 1.02
(b)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 -0.05 1.03
Male 740 0.05 0.97
(c)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.09 0.99
Male 740 -0.09 1.00
(d)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 760 0.05 1.00
Male 740 -0.05 0.99

3.3 Age

Figure 35: Self_Transcendence
Figure 36: Self_Enhancement
Figure 37: Openness_to_change
Figure 38: Conservation
Figure 39: Self_Transcendence
Figure 40: Self_Enhancement
Figure 41: Openness_to_change
Figure 42: Conservation
Table 7
Table 8: Conservation as grouped by Age
(a)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 -0.36 1.24
25-34 years 264 -0.01 1.07
35-44 years 263 0.11 0.98
45-54 years 292 0.10 0.89
55-64 years 234 0.17 0.92
65+ 254 -0.12 0.86
(b)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 0.31 0.97
25-34 years 264 0.17 1.05
35-44 years 263 0.12 1.09
45-54 years 292 -0.06 0.97
55-64 years 234 -0.21 0.88
65+ 254 -0.28 0.89
(c)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 -0.10 1.21
25-34 years 264 0.09 1.07
35-44 years 263 0.21 0.96
45-54 years 292 -0.01 0.95
55-64 years 234 0.02 0.91
65+ 254 -0.24 0.86
(d)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 193 -0.50 1.08
25-34 years 264 -0.24 1.06
35-44 years 263 0.04 1.00
45-54 years 292 0.12 0.95
55-64 years 234 0.26 0.93
65+ 254 0.21 0.80

3.4 Education

Figure 43: Self_Transcendence
Figure 44: Self_Enhancement
Figure 45: Openness_to_change
Figure 46: Conservation
Figure 47: Self_Transcendence
Figure 48: Self_Enhancement
Figure 49: Openness_to_change
Figure 50: Conservation
Table 9
Table 10: Conservation as grouped by Education
(a)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.13 0.96
High School 475 -0.09 1.10
Some College 471 0.15 0.98
Bachelor 310 -0.05 0.88
Graduate 193 -0.10 0.96
(b)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.13 0.91
High School 475 -0.07 1.09
Some College 471 -0.01 0.99
Bachelor 310 0.06 0.92
Graduate 193 0.08 0.93
(c)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.06 0.83
High School 475 -0.08 1.09
Some College 471 0.14 1.01
Bachelor 310 -0.07 0.90
Graduate 193 -0.06 0.93
(d)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 51 0.03 0.86
High School 475 -0.03 1.09
Some College 471 0.12 0.99
Bachelor 310 -0.04 0.90
Graduate 193 -0.17 0.95

3.5 Income Levels

Figure 51: Self_Transcendence
Figure 52: Self_Enhancement
Figure 53: Openness_to_change
Figure 54: Conservation
Figure 55: Self_Transcendence
Figure 56: Self_Enhancement
Figure 57: Openness_to_change
Figure 58: Conservation
Table 11
Table 12: Conservation as grouped by Income Levels
(a)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 -0.19 1.21
$15,000-$24,999 180 0.07 0.97
$25,000-$34,999 176 0.06 0.99
$35,000-$49,999 227 0.01 1.01
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.06 0.89
$75,000-$99,999 192 -0.02 0.96
$100,000-$149,999 160 0.05 0.92
$150,000 + 95 -0.14 1.09
(b)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 -0.20 1.04
$15,000-$24,999 180 -0.08 1.01
$25,000-$34,999 176 -0.13 1.00
$35,000-$49,999 227 -0.01 1.03
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.05 0.96
$75,000-$99,999 192 0.07 0.96
$100,000-$149,999 160 0.13 0.95
$150,000 + 95 0.25 1.03
(c)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 -0.20 1.16
$15,000-$24,999 180 0.04 0.96
$25,000-$34,999 176 0.03 1.03
$35,000-$49,999 227 0.03 1.01
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.09 0.91
$75,000-$99,999 192 -0.10 0.99
$100,000-$149,999 160 0.04 0.88
$150,000 + 95 0.02 1.09
(d)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 178 -0.26 1.13
$15,000-$24,999 180 0.02 0.99
$25,000-$34,999 176 0.03 1.09
$35,000-$49,999 227 0.05 1.00
$50,000-$74,999 292 0.05 0.94
$75,000-$99,999 192 0.08 0.98
$100,000-$149,999 160 0.05 0.90
$150,000 + 95 -0.11 0.94

3.6 Ethnicity

Figure 59: Self_Transcendence
Figure 60: Self_Enhancement
Figure 61: Openness_to_change
Figure 62: Conservation

Note on the Okabe-Ito color palette. The Okabe-Ito color palette (seen above) is a set of colorblind-friendly categorical colors available in R. We are using this palette for graphs with non-ordered variables (e.g., groups, categories) for accessibility.

Figure 63: Self_Transcendence
Figure 64: Self_Enhancement
Figure 65: Openness_to_change
Figure 66: Conservation
Table 13
Table 14: Conservation as grouped by Ethnicity
(a)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.03 1.00
Black/African American 115 0.19 0.98
Latino 88 0.18 0.97
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 -0.21 1.10
Native American 13 0.04 1.35
Other 18 0.08 0.88
(b)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.08 0.97
Black/African American 115 0.43 1.08
Latino 88 0.46 0.99
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 0.45 1.02
Native American 13 0.10 1.21
Other 18 -0.11 1.00
(c)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.04 0.99
Black/African American 115 0.20 1.04
Latino 88 0.29 0.95
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 -0.15 1.07
Native American 13 0.12 1.32
Other 18 0.21 0.76
(d)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Caucasian/European origin 1237 -0.01 1.00
Black/African American 115 0.18 0.94
Latino 88 0.01 0.99
Asian/Pacific Islander 29 -0.22 1.01
Native American 13 -0.12 1.18
Other 18 -0.09 1.09

3.7 Occupation

Figure 67: Self_Transcendence
Figure 68: Self_Enhancement
Figure 69: Openness_to_change
Figure 70: Conservation
Figure 71: Self_Transcendence
Figure 72: Self_Enhancement
Figure 73: Openness_to_change
Figure 74: Conservation
Table 15
Table 16: Conservation as grouped by Occupation
(a)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 0.02 0.97
Retired 268 -0.08 0.91
Unemployed 146 -0.02 1.14
Parent 104 0.05 1.17
Disabled 98 0.15 1.02
Student 85 -0.07 1.11
Full-time caregiver 31 -0.22 0.93
(b)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 0.13 0.98
Retired 268 -0.31 0.87
Unemployed 146 0.01 1.10
Parent 104 -0.10 1.10
Disabled 98 -0.36 1.00
Student 85 0.40 0.93
Full-time caregiver 31 -0.09 0.91
(c)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 0.08 0.96
Retired 268 -0.26 0.89
Unemployed 146 -0.02 1.16
Parent 104 0.04 1.18
Disabled 98 0.02 0.99
Student 85 0.17 0.96
Full-time caregiver 31 -0.34 1.05
(d)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 768 -0.05 0.99
Retired 268 0.20 0.87
Unemployed 146 -0.15 1.15
Parent 104 0.10 1.06
Disabled 98 0.28 0.89
Student 85 -0.38 1.06
Full-time caregiver 31 -0.05 0.94

3.8 Area

Figure 75: Self_Transcendence
Figure 76: Self_Enhancement
Figure 77: Openness_to_change
Figure 78: Conservation
Figure 79: Self_Transcendence
Figure 80: Self_Enhancement
Figure 81: Openness_to_change
Figure 82: Conservation
Table 17
Table 18: Conservation as grouped by Area
(a)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 0.02 1.01
Rural 545 -0.04 0.99
(b)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 0.04 1.02
Rural 545 -0.07 0.96
(c)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 0.03 1.01
Rural 545 -0.05 0.99
(d)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 955 -0.03 1.02
Rural 545 0.05 0.97

3.9 Religious Affiliation

Figure 83: Self_Transcendence
Figure 84: Self_Enhancement
Figure 85: Openness_to_change
Figure 86: Conservation
Figure 87: Self_Transcendence
Figure 88: Self_Enhancement
Figure 89: Openness_to_change
Figure 90: Conservation
Table 19
Table 20: Conservation as grouped by Religious Affiliation
(a)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 0.01 0.95
Muslim 9 -0.58 1.21
Jewish 52 0.07 0.92
Atheist/Agnostic 230 -0.06 1.14
Not listed, No religion 195 0.02 1.08
(b)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 0.00 0.99
Muslim 9 0.77 0.88
Jewish 52 0.18 0.99
Atheist/Agnostic 230 -0.13 1.01
Not listed, No religion 195 0.09 1.03
(c)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 -0.06 0.98
Muslim 9 -0.39 1.10
Jewish 52 0.18 0.79
Atheist/Agnostic 230 0.12 1.04
Not listed, No religion 195 0.16 1.07
(d)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Christian 1014 0.19 0.93
Muslim 9 -0.09 1.00
Jewish 52 0.10 0.83
Atheist/Agnostic 230 -0.62 0.94
Not listed, No religion 195 -0.26 1.11

3.10 Section Summary

  Values (4 fold)
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 4.48 4.34 – 4.62 <.001
Age 0.02 -0.00 – 0.04 .050
Income 0.03 0.01 – 0.05 .003
Education -0.03 -0.07 – 0.00 .055
Gender (Male) -0.13 -0.20 – -0.07 <.001
Observations 1500
R2 / R2 adjusted .017 / .015

4 Political Behavior

4.1 Political Orientation

Correlation with General Conservatism, Economic Conservatism, Social Conservatism

Figure 91: Self_Transcendence
Figure 92: Self_Enhancement
Figure 93: Openness_to_change
Figure 94: Conservation
Figure 95: Self_Transcendence
Figure 96: Self_Enhancement
Figure 97: Openness_to_change
Figure 98: Conservation
Figure 99: Self_Transcendence
Figure 100: Self_Enhancement
Figure 101: Openness_to_change
Figure 102: Conservation

Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

Table 21: Values (4 fold) and Political Orientation
Table 22: Values (4 fold) models and Demographics

4.2 Partisanship

Figure 103: Self_Transcendence
Figure 104: Self_Enhancement
Figure 105: Openness_to_change
Figure 106: Conservation
Table 23: Mean Self_Transcendence by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 5.00 0.82
Democrat 223 4.79 0.76
Leaning Democrat 124 4.95 0.78
Independent 84 4.47 0.83
Leaning Republican 111 4.56 0.80
Republican 255 4.57 0.79
Strong Republican 318 4.58 0.77
Table 24: Mean Self_Enhancement by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 3.40 1.01
Democrat 223 3.51 0.97
Leaning Democrat 124 3.36 0.99
Independent 84 3.24 0.90
Leaning Republican 111 3.21 0.89
Republican 255 3.36 0.96
Strong Republican 318 3.34 0.91
Table 25: Mean Openness_to_change by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 4.73 0.81
Democrat 223 4.59 0.77
Leaning Democrat 124 4.74 0.76
Independent 84 4.46 0.78
Leaning Republican 111 4.54 0.75
Republican 255 4.41 0.79
Strong Republican 318 4.48 0.76
Table 26: Mean Conservation by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Strong Democrat 351 4.33 0.91
Democrat 223 4.39 0.82
Leaning Democrat 124 4.33 0.83
Independent 84 4.15 0.84
Leaning Republican 111 4.51 0.68
Republican 255 4.60 0.75
Strong Republican 318 4.71 0.70
Table 27: Values (4 fold) & Party Identity (7-point)
Table 28: Values (4 fold) & Party Identity with Controls

4.3 Religiosity

Figure 107: Self_Transcendence
Figure 108: Self_Enhancement
Figure 109: Openness_to_change
Figure 110: Conservation
Figure 111: Self_Transcendence
Figure 112: Self_Enhancement
Figure 113: Openness_to_change
Figure 114: Conservation

Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

Figure 115: Self_Transcendence
Figure 116: Self_Enhancement
Figure 117: Openness_to_change
Figure 118: Conservation

4.4 Candidate Preferences

Figure 119: Self_Transcendence
Figure 120: Self_Enhancement
Figure 121: Openness_to_change
Figure 122: Conservation
Table 29: Candidate Preference and Self_Transcendence [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 -0.11 0.95
Hillary Clinton 371 0.16 0.97
Bernie Sanders 362 0.20 1.03
Ted Cruz 122 -0.32 0.93
Jeb Bush 83 -0.22 0.76
Gary Johnson 68 -0.23 1.18
Rand Paul 44 -0.25 0.91
Table 30: Candidate Preference and Self_Enhancement [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 0.02 1.02
Hillary Clinton 371 0.12 1.03
Bernie Sanders 362 -0.04 0.97
Ted Cruz 122 -0.30 0.88
Jeb Bush 83 0.10 0.97
Gary Johnson 68 -0.05 1.05
Rand Paul 44 -0.14 0.92
Table 31: Candidate Preference and Openness_to_change [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 -0.02 0.98
Hillary Clinton 371 0.09 0.97
Bernie Sanders 362 0.11 1.05
Ted Cruz 122 -0.33 0.89
Jeb Bush 83 -0.15 0.87
Gary Johnson 68 -0.03 1.06
Rand Paul 44 -0.21 0.98
Table 32: Candidate Preference and Conservation [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 0.26 0.91
Hillary Clinton 371 0.03 0.99
Bernie Sanders 362 -0.38 1.08
Ted Cruz 122 0.18 0.81
Jeb Bush 83 0.10 0.70
Gary Johnson 68 -0.26 1.06
Rand Paul 44 -0.01 0.92
Table 33: Candidate Preference and Self_Transcendence [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 4.64 0.78
Hillary Clinton 371 4.86 0.80
Bernie Sanders 362 4.89 0.85
Ted Cruz 122 4.47 0.76
Jeb Bush 83 4.55 0.62
Gary Johnson 68 4.54 0.96
Rand Paul 44 4.52 0.74
Table 34: Candidate Preference and Self_Enhancement [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 3.38 0.97
Hillary Clinton 371 3.47 0.99
Bernie Sanders 362 3.32 0.93
Ted Cruz 122 3.08 0.84
Jeb Bush 83 3.46 0.93
Gary Johnson 68 3.32 1.01
Rand Paul 44 3.23 0.88
Table 35: Candidate Preference and Openness_to_change [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 4.55 0.78
Hillary Clinton 371 4.64 0.77
Bernie Sanders 362 4.66 0.83
Ted Cruz 122 4.31 0.70
Jeb Bush 83 4.45 0.69
Gary Johnson 68 4.54 0.84
Rand Paul 44 4.40 0.78
Table 36: Candidate Preference and Conservation [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 444 4.68 0.75
Hillary Clinton 371 4.49 0.81
Bernie Sanders 362 4.15 0.89
Ted Cruz 122 4.61 0.67
Jeb Bush 83 4.54 0.58
Gary Johnson 68 4.25 0.87
Rand Paul 44 4.45 0.75

4.5 Party Preferences

Figure 123: Self_Transcendence
Figure 124: Self_Enhancement
Figure 125: Openness_to_change
Figure 126: Conservation
Table 37: Party Preference and Self_Transcendence [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.23 0.97
Republican Party 508 -0.12 0.94
Libertarian Party 100 -0.10 1.02
Green Party 40 0.61 0.81
Tea Party 68 -0.46 0.87
Constitution Party 14 -0.21 0.86
None 120 -0.23 1.14
Don't know 90 -0.25 1.05
Table 38: Party Preference and Self_Enhancement [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.11 1.02
Republican Party 508 0.01 0.98
Libertarian Party 100 -0.01 0.99
Green Party 40 -0.37 1.07
Tea Party 68 -0.34 0.83
Constitution Party 14 -0.27 0.81
None 120 -0.24 1.05
Don't know 90 0.04 0.92
Table 39: Party Preference and Openness_to_change [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 0.15 1.01
Republican Party 508 -0.13 0.97
Libertarian Party 100 0.11 0.97
Green Party 40 0.26 1.01
Tea Party 68 -0.16 0.93
Constitution Party 14 -0.38 1.05
None 120 -0.09 1.08
Don't know 90 -0.12 0.96
Table 40: Party Preference and Conservation [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 -0.11 1.04
Republican Party 508 0.28 0.89
Libertarian Party 100 -0.27 0.95
Green Party 40 -0.60 1.15
Tea Party 68 0.06 0.75
Constitution Party 14 0.11 0.78
None 120 -0.23 1.09
Don't know 90 -0.12 1.03
Table 41: Party Preference and Self_Transcendence [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 4.92 0.80
Republican Party 508 4.63 0.77
Libertarian Party 100 4.64 0.83
Green Party 40 5.22 0.66
Tea Party 68 4.35 0.71
Constitution Party 14 4.56 0.70
None 120 4.54 0.94
Don't know 90 4.52 0.86
Table 42: Party Preference and Self_Enhancement [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 3.47 0.98
Republican Party 508 3.38 0.94
Libertarian Party 100 3.35 0.95
Green Party 40 3.01 1.02
Tea Party 68 3.04 0.80
Constitution Party 14 3.10 0.78
None 120 3.13 1.01
Don't know 90 3.40 0.88
Table 43: Party Preference and Openness_to_change [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 4.68 0.80
Republican Party 508 4.47 0.77
Libertarian Party 100 4.65 0.77
Green Party 40 4.77 0.80
Tea Party 68 4.44 0.74
Constitution Party 14 4.27 0.83
None 120 4.50 0.86
Don't know 90 4.47 0.76
Table 44: Party Preference and Conservation [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democratic Party 560 4.37 0.85
Republican Party 508 4.69 0.73
Libertarian Party 100 4.24 0.78
Green Party 40 3.96 0.95
Tea Party 68 4.51 0.62
Constitution Party 14 4.55 0.64
None 120 4.27 0.90
Don't know 90 4.36 0.85

4.6 Voting

Table 45

    4.7 Voting & Party Identity

    Figure 127: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 128: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 129: Openness_to_change
    Figure 130: Conservation
    Table 46: Self_Transcendence and Party Identity
    Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
    Strong Republican 282 7
    Republican 166 24
    Leaning Republican 58 7
    Independent 17 16
    Leaning Democrat 10 65
    Democrat 27 129
    Strong Democrat 4 323
    Table 47: Self_Enhancement and Party Identity
    Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
    Strong Republican 282 7
    Republican 166 24
    Leaning Republican 58 7
    Independent 17 16
    Leaning Democrat 10 65
    Democrat 27 129
    Strong Democrat 4 323
    Table 48: Openness_to_change and Party Identity
    Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
    Strong Republican 282 7
    Republican 166 24
    Leaning Republican 58 7
    Independent 17 16
    Leaning Democrat 10 65
    Democrat 27 129
    Strong Democrat 4 323
    Table 49: Conservation and Party Identity
    Donald Trump Hilary Clinton
    Strong Republican 282 7
    Republican 166 24
    Leaning Republican 58 7
    Independent 17 16
    Leaning Democrat 10 65
    Democrat 27 129
    Strong Democrat 4 323
    Table 50
    Figure 131: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 132: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 133: Openness_to_change
    Figure 134: Conservation

    4.8 Likeability

    Figure 135: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 136: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 137: Openness_to_change
    Figure 138: Conservation
    Figure 139: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 140: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 141: Openness_to_change
    Figure 142: Conservation

    Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

    Figure 143: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 144: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 145: Openness_to_change
    Figure 146: Conservation
    Figure 147: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 148: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 149: Openness_to_change
    Figure 150: Conservation

    Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

    Figure 151: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 152: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 153: Openness_to_change
    Figure 154: Conservation
    Figure 155: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 156: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 157: Openness_to_change
    Figure 158: Conservation

    Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

    5 Politico-Psychological correlates of Values (4 fold)


    5.1 Ideologies and Partisanship

    Figure 159: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 160: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 161: Openness_to_change
    Figure 162: Conservation

    5.2 Populism, Nationalism, Nativism, and Patriotism

    Figure 163: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 164: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 165: Openness_to_change
    Figure 166: Conservation



    5.3 Political Psychology

    Figure 167: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 168: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 169: Openness_to_change
    Figure 170: Conservation

    5.4 Social Justice Concerns, Empathy, and Prejudice

    Figure 171: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 172: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 173: Openness_to_change
    Figure 174: Conservation



    5.5 Values

    Figure 175: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 176: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 177: Openness_to_change
    Figure 178: Conservation



    5.6 Pot-Pourri

    Figure 179: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 180: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 181: Openness_to_change
    Figure 182: Conservation



    5.7 Positive and Negative correlates of Values (4 fold)

    Figure 183: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 184: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 185: Openness_to_change
    Figure 186: Conservation
    Figure 187: Self_Transcendence
    Figure 188: Self_Enhancement
    Figure 189: Openness_to_change
    Figure 190: Conservation

    6 Elastic Net Analysis

    Figure 191: Elastic net predicting Values (4 fold): Political Psychology
    Figure 192: Elastic net predicting Values (4 fold): Ideology & Partisanship
    Figure 193: Elastic net predicting Values (4 fold): Demographics
    Figure 194: Elastic net predicting Values (4 fold): Attitudes
    Figure 195: Elastic net predicting Values (4 fold): Everything
    Table 51: Elastic Net Summary
    Elastic Net R² for predicting Values (4 fold)
    Variable Group # Predictors R²
    Political Psychology 5 .121
    Ideology & Partisanship 5 .032
    Demographics 5 .018
    Attitudes 6 .117
    Everything 21 .198