PPBS

Right-Wing Authoritarianism [2018]

A Politico-Psychological Analysis

Report generated

March 23, 2026

1 Study Characteristics

1.1 Items: Right-Wing Authoritarianism

1.2 Sample

N=TBD

Sample description for the 2018 PPBS CINT Post-election study to be added.

2 Descriptives

2.1 Means, SD, Range, & SE

Table 1: Descriptives
Descriptives for Right-Wing Authoritarianism
mean sd median se
Aggression_mean 5.49 1.75 5.50 0.03
Submission_mean 4.55 1.62 4.75 0.03
Conventionalism_mean 5.12 2.00 5.00 0.04
RWA 5.05 1.57 5.08 0.03
Note:
n = 2759, min = 1, max = 9
Table 2: Descriptives – Item Level
Descriptives for Right-Wing Authoritarianism at Item Level
mean sd median se
Aggression1 4.87 2.57 5.00 0.05
Aggression2 5.43 2.69 5.00 0.05
Aggression3 6.05 2.54 6.00 0.05
Aggression4 5.60 2.23 5.00 0.04
Submission1 5.75 2.43 6.00 0.05
Submission2 5.56 2.34 6.00 0.04
Submission3 2.57 2.07 2.00 0.04
Submission4 4.33 2.35 4.00 0.04
Conventionalism1 5.16 2.52 5.00 0.05
Conventionalism2 5.74 2.20 6.00 0.04
Conventionalism3 5.35 2.71 5.00 0.05
Conventionalism4 4.24 2.87 4.00 0.05
RWA 5.05 1.57 5.08 0.03
Aggression_mean 5.49 1.75 5.50 0.03
Submission_mean 4.55 1.62 4.75 0.03
Conventionalism_mean 5.12 2.00 5.00 0.04
Note:
All items: n = 2759, min = 1, max = 9. RWA: min = 1, max = 9. Aggression_mean: min = 1, max = 9. Submission_mean: min = 1, max = 9. Conventionalism_mean: min = 1, max = 9

2.2 Response Distribution

Figure 1: Proportion of each facet of Right-Wing Authoritarianism at item level: Aggression
Figure 2: Proportion of each facet of Right-Wing Authoritarianism at item level: Submission
Figure 3: Proportion of each facet of Right-Wing Authoritarianism at item level: Conventionalism
Figure 4: Aggression
Figure 5: Submission
Figure 6: Conventionalism

2.3 Correlations

2.3.1 Correlation Plots

Figure 7: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 8: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Aggression
Figure 9: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Submission
Figure 10: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Conventionalism

Note. Upper triangle shows Spearman’s rank-order correlations. *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05.

2.3.2 PIDF

Figure 11: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 12: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Aggression
Figure 13: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Submission
Figure 14: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Conventionalism

Note. Upper triangle shows Spearman’s rank-order correlations by party identity. *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05.

2.3.3 Correlation Matrix

3 Demographics

3.1 Social Class

Figure 15: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 16: Aggression
Figure 17: Submission
Figure 18: Conventionalism
Figure 19: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 20: Aggression
Figure 21: Submission
Figure 22: Conventionalism

Note on the Raincloud Plots

  • Statistical summary (top): Welch’s t-test (or ANOVA) results, effect size, confidence intervals, p-values, and sample sizes are shown above each plot.
  • Bayesian analysis (bottom): Log Bayes factor and credible intervals are reported below each plot.
Table 3
Table 4: Conventionalism as grouped by SES
(a)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 116 -0.09 0.96
Lower Middle Class 470 -0.02 0.89
Middle Middle Class 1249 0.18 0.99
Upper Middle Class 924 -0.22 1.02
(b)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 116 -0.12 0.90
Lower Middle Class 470 -0.02 0.86
Middle Middle Class 1249 0.16 0.99
Upper Middle Class 924 -0.19 1.06
(c)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 116 0.02 1.01
Lower Middle Class 470 0.03 0.94
Middle Middle Class 1249 0.16 0.99
Upper Middle Class 924 -0.23 1.00
(d)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 116 -0.12 0.99
Lower Middle Class 470 -0.05 0.95
Middle Middle Class 1249 0.16 1.00
Upper Middle Class 924 -0.17 1.00

3.2 Gender

Figure 23: Right-Wing Authoritarianism Facets, as grouped by Gender: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 24: Right-Wing Authoritarianism Facets, as grouped by Gender: Aggression
Figure 25: Right-Wing Authoritarianism Facets, as grouped by Gender: Submission
Figure 26: Right-Wing Authoritarianism Facets, as grouped by Gender: Conventionalism
Figure 27: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 28: Aggression
Figure 29: Submission
Figure 30: Conventionalism
Table 5
Table 6: Conventionalism as grouped by Gender
(a)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 1370 -0.02 0.99
Male 1389 0.02 1.01
(b)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 1370 0.02 0.97
Male 1389 -0.02 1.03
(c)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 1370 -0.05 1.01
Male 1389 0.05 0.99
(d)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 1370 -0.02 1
Male 1389 0.02 1

3.3 Age

Figure 31: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 32: Aggression
Figure 33: Submission
Figure 34: Conventionalism
Figure 35: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 36: Aggression
Figure 37: Submission
Figure 38: Conventionalism
Table 7
Table 8: Conventionalism as grouped by Age
(a)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 295 -0.38 0.83
25-34 years 494 -0.27 0.94
35-44 years 451 -0.11 0.97
45-54 years 458 0.16 0.90
55-64 years 470 0.18 1.01
NA 591 0.23 1.09
(b)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 295 -0.27 0.75
25-34 years 494 -0.21 0.92
35-44 years 451 -0.12 0.94
45-54 years 458 0.13 0.94
55-64 years 470 0.17 1.07
NA 591 0.16 1.13
(c)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 295 -0.32 1.00
25-34 years 494 -0.18 1.05
35-44 years 451 -0.07 1.00
45-54 years 458 0.15 0.91
55-64 years 470 0.13 0.95
NA 591 0.15 1.00
(d)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 295 -0.41 0.85
25-34 years 494 -0.29 0.95
35-44 years 451 -0.09 0.98
45-54 years 458 0.14 0.93
55-64 years 470 0.17 1.00
NA 591 0.27 1.04

3.4 Education

Figure 39: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 40: Aggression
Figure 41: Submission
Figure 42: Conventionalism
Figure 43: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 44: Aggression
Figure 45: Submission
Figure 46: Conventionalism
Table 9
Table 10: Conventionalism as grouped by Education
(a)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 312 -0.01 0.88
High School 767 0.32 0.88
Some College 779 0.06 0.99
Bachelor or higher 901 -0.32 1.05
(b)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 312 -0.02 0.87
High School 767 0.29 0.87
Some College 779 0.09 0.96
Bachelor or higher 901 -0.32 1.09
(c)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 312 0.08 0.97
High School 767 0.28 0.90
Some College 779 0.03 0.99
Bachelor or higher 901 -0.30 1.03
(d)
Education N Mean SD
Less than High School 312 -0.08 0.93
High School 767 0.27 0.93
Some College 779 0.03 1.00
Bachelor or higher 901 -0.22 1.02

3.5 Income Levels

Figure 47: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 48: Aggression
Figure 49: Submission
Figure 50: Conventionalism
Figure 51: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 52: Aggression
Figure 53: Submission
Figure 54: Conventionalism
Table 11
Table 12: Conventionalism as grouped by Income Levels
(a)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 310 -0.06 0.95
$15,000-$24,999 275 -0.05 1.02
$25,000-$34,999 260 0.12 0.95
$35,000-$49,999 351 0.12 0.98
$50,000-$74,999 495 0.15 1.00
$75,000-$99,999 355 -0.02 0.97
$100,000-$149,999 384 -0.16 1.04
$150,000 + 329 -0.15 1.02
(b)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 310 -0.08 0.90
$15,000-$24,999 275 -0.09 0.99
$25,000-$34,999 260 0.06 0.95
$35,000-$49,999 351 0.08 1.01
$50,000-$74,999 495 0.13 1.00
$75,000-$99,999 355 0.05 0.99
$100,000-$149,999 384 -0.10 1.05
$150,000 + 329 -0.11 1.05
(c)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 310 0.01 1.00
$15,000-$24,999 275 -0.02 1.05
$25,000-$34,999 260 0.16 0.95
$35,000-$49,999 351 0.11 0.97
$50,000-$74,999 495 0.12 0.98
$75,000-$99,999 355 -0.02 1.00
$100,000-$149,999 384 -0.19 1.02
$150,000 + 329 -0.17 0.98
(d)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 310 -0.07 1.01
$15,000-$24,999 275 -0.02 1.01
$25,000-$34,999 260 0.11 0.98
$35,000-$49,999 351 0.11 0.96
$50,000-$74,999 495 0.15 1.03
$75,000-$99,999 355 -0.07 0.93
$100,000-$149,999 384 -0.12 1.01
$150,000 + 329 -0.13 1.00

3.6 Ethnicity

Figure 55: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 56: Aggression
Figure 57: Submission
Figure 58: Conventionalism

Note on the Okabe-Ito color palette. The Okabe-Ito color palette (seen above) is a set of colorblind-friendly categorical colors available in R. We are using this palette for graphs with non-ordered variables (e.g., groups, categories) for accessibility.

Figure 59: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 60: Aggression
Figure 61: Submission
Figure 62: Conventionalism
Table 13
Table 14: Conventionalism as grouped by Ethnicity
(a)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Black/African American 501 -0.10 0.72
Asian/Pacific Islander 87 -0.07 0.77
Native American 14 0.02 0.90
Other 35 -0.81 1.23
NA 1976 0.06 1.06
NA 140 -0.25 0.87
NA 6 -0.07 0.47
(b)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Black/African American 501 -0.19 0.79
Asian/Pacific Islander 87 -0.10 0.70
Native American 14 -0.11 0.79
Other 35 -0.66 1.11
NA 1976 0.08 1.06
NA 140 -0.22 0.80
NA 6 0.15 0.64
(c)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Black/African American 501 -0.03 0.88
Asian/Pacific Islander 87 -0.01 0.87
Native American 14 -0.04 0.91
Other 35 -0.64 1.39
NA 1976 0.03 1.02
NA 140 -0.17 0.98
NA 6 -0.16 0.58
(d)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Black/African American 501 -0.04 0.83
Asian/Pacific Islander 87 -0.06 0.81
Native American 14 0.18 1.08
Other 35 -0.81 1.05
NA 1976 0.04 1.05
NA 140 -0.25 0.87
NA 6 -0.17 0.33

3.7 Occupation

Figure 63: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 64: Aggression
Figure 65: Submission
Figure 66: Conventionalism
Figure 67: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 68: Aggression
Figure 69: Submission
Figure 70: Conventionalism
Table 15
Table 16: Conventionalism as grouped by Occupation
(a)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 1334 -0.06 0.98
Retired 634 0.22 1.07
Unemployed 273 -0.08 0.90
Parent 126 0.04 0.91
Disabled 201 0.03 1.01
Student 153 -0.41 0.89
Full-time caregiver 38 0.34 0.87
(b)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 1334 -0.04 0.98
Retired 634 0.16 1.12
Unemployed 273 -0.08 0.90
Parent 126 0.06 0.88
Disabled 201 0.00 1.00
Student 153 -0.31 0.80
Full-time caregiver 38 0.36 0.71
(c)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 1334 -0.05 1.00
Retired 634 0.15 0.99
Unemployed 273 0.00 0.98
Parent 126 0.00 0.98
Disabled 201 0.06 1.03
Student 153 -0.41 0.96
Full-time caregiver 38 0.41 0.94
(d)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 1334 -0.06 0.99
Retired 634 0.26 1.04
Unemployed 273 -0.13 0.92
Parent 126 0.04 0.97
Disabled 201 0.02 1.02
Student 153 -0.37 0.88
Full-time caregiver 38 0.16 0.94

3.8 Area

Figure 71: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 72: Aggression
Figure 73: Submission
Figure 74: Conventionalism
Figure 75: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 76: Aggression
Figure 77: Submission
Figure 78: Conventionalism
Table 17
Table 18: Conventionalism as grouped by Area
(a)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 723 -0.13 0.95
Rural 658 0.24 1.02
NA 1378 -0.05 1.00
(b)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 723 -0.14 0.93
Rural 658 0.20 1.03
NA 1378 -0.02 1.01
(c)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 723 -0.07 1.01
Rural 658 0.20 0.98
NA 1378 -0.06 0.99
(d)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 723 -0.12 0.95
Rural 658 0.24 1.02
NA 1378 -0.05 1.00

3.9 Religious Affiliation

Figure 79: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 80: Aggression
Figure 81: Submission
Figure 82: Conventionalism
Figure 83: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 84: Aggression
Figure 85: Submission
Figure 86: Conventionalism
Table 19
Table 20: Conventionalism as grouped by Religious Affiliation
(a)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Catholic 573 0.11 0.83
Protestant 1237 0.36 0.89
Jewish 72 -0.75 1.03
Muslim 22 0.03 0.84
Atheist/Agnostic 420 -0.93 0.99
Don't know / refused 435 -0.16 0.83
(b)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Catholic 573 0.10 0.93
Protestant 1237 0.23 0.93
Jewish 72 -0.57 1.05
Muslim 22 -0.17 1.01
Atheist/Agnostic 420 -0.63 1.09
Don't know / refused 435 -0.08 0.88
(c)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Catholic 573 0.11 0.86
Protestant 1237 0.29 0.92
Jewish 72 -0.69 0.95
Muslim 22 0.14 0.89
Atheist/Agnostic 420 -0.81 1.02
Don't know / refused 435 -0.09 0.91
(d)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Catholic 573 0.08 0.82
Protestant 1237 0.42 0.90
Jewish 72 -0.70 1.00
Muslim 22 0.11 0.76
Atheist/Agnostic 420 -0.98 0.84
Don't know / refused 435 -0.25 0.83

3.10 Section Summary

  Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 5.10 4.84 – 5.37 <.001
Age 0.24 0.21 – 0.28 <.001
Income 0.02 -0.01 – 0.05 .133
Education -0.38 -0.44 – -0.32 <.001
Gender (Male) 0.00 -0.11 – 0.12 .944
Observations 2759
R2 / R2 adjusted .100 / .099

4 Political Behavior

4.1 Political Orientation

Correlation with General Conservatism, Economic Conservatism, Social Conservatism

Figure 87: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 88: Aggression
Figure 89: Submission
Figure 90: Conventionalism
Figure 91: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 92: Aggression
Figure 93: Submission
Figure 94: Conventionalism
Figure 95: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 96: Aggression
Figure 97: Submission
Figure 98: Conventionalism

Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

Table 21: Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Political Orientation
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 51.52 50.64 – 52.40 <.001 49.15 48.23 – 50.06 <.001 54.08 53.11 – 55.04 <.001 51.58 50.74 – 52.42 <.001
Right-Wing Authoritarianism 18.10 17.22 – 18.99 <.001 20.80 19.88 – 21.71 <.001 16.59 15.62 – 17.55 <.001 18.50 17.66 – 19.33 <.001
Observations 2759 2759 2759 2759
R2 / R2 adjusted .368 / .368 .419 / .419 .292 / .291 .406 / .405
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 51.52 50.56 – 52.48 <.001 49.15 48.12 – 50.17 <.001 54.08 53.06 – 55.09 <.001 51.58 50.66 – 52.50 <.001
Aggression 15.23 14.27 – 16.18 <.001 16.69 15.67 – 17.72 <.001 14.11 13.10 – 15.13 <.001 15.34 14.42 – 16.27 <.001
Observations 2759 2759 2759 2759
R2 / R2 adjusted .261 / .260 .270 / .269 .211 / .211 .279 / .279
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 51.52 50.56 – 52.48 <.001 49.15 48.14 – 50.16 <.001 54.08 53.05 – 55.11 <.001 51.58 50.66 – 52.50 <.001
Submission 14.99 14.03 – 15.95 <.001 17.36 16.35 – 18.37 <.001 13.53 12.50 – 14.56 <.001 15.29 14.37 – 16.22 <.001
Observations 2759 2759 2759 2759
R2 / R2 adjusted .253 / .252 .292 / .291 .194 / .194 .277 / .277
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 51.52 50.61 – 52.43 <.001 49.15 48.21 – 50.08 <.001 54.08 53.09 – 55.06 <.001 51.58 50.72 – 52.44 <.001
Conventionalism 17.11 16.20 – 18.03 <.001 20.26 19.33 – 21.19 <.001 15.71 14.72 – 16.70 <.001 17.69 16.83 – 18.55 <.001
Observations 2759 2759 2759 2759
R2 / R2 adjusted .329 / .329 .397 / .397 .262 / .261 .371 / .371
Table 22: Right-Wing Authoritarianism models and Demographics
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) -21.07 -26.20 – -15.94 <.001 -27.68 -33.03 – -22.34 <.001 -19.96 -25.52 – -14.41 <.001
RWA 11.71 11.12 – 12.29 <.001 13.26 12.65 – 13.88 <.001 10.80 10.16 – 11.43 <.001
Age -0.06 -0.61 – 0.49 .824 0.14 -0.43 – 0.71 .629 0.13 -0.46 – 0.73 .663
Income 1.37 0.94 – 1.80 <.001 0.91 0.46 – 1.36 <.001 1.77 1.30 – 2.23 <.001
Education 0.76 -0.22 – 1.73 .128 0.04 -0.98 – 1.06 .937 1.43 0.38 – 2.49 .008
Gender (Male) 3.38 1.63 – 5.14 <.001 3.23 1.40 – 5.05 .001 4.40 2.50 – 6.29 <.001
Observations 2759 2759 2759
R2 / R2 adjusted .384 / .383 .425 / .424 .320 / .319

4.2 Partisanship

Figure 99: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 100: Aggression
Figure 101: Submission
Figure 102: Conventionalism
Table 23: Mean Right-Wing Authoritarianism by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Democrat 1100 4.41 1.48
Republican 819 6.11 1.20
Don't Know/Other 104 4.83 1.50
Independent/Moderate 736 4.87 1.47
Table 24: Mean Aggression by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Democrat 1100 4.84 1.64
Republican 819 6.56 1.48
Don't Know/Other 104 5.04 1.56
Independent/Moderate 736 5.33 1.66
Table 25: Mean Submission by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Democrat 1100 4.03 1.62
Republican 819 5.42 1.29
Don't Know/Other 104 4.66 1.59
Independent/Moderate 736 4.36 1.56
Table 26: Mean Conventionalism by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Democrat 1100 4.38 1.88
Republican 819 6.35 1.67
Don't Know/Other 104 4.78 2.00
Independent/Moderate 736 4.92 1.88
Table 27: Right-Wing Authoritarianism & Party Identity (7-point)
  Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.57 3.44 – 3.70 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.42 0.39 – 0.45 <.001
Observations 1919
R2 / R2 adjusted .273 / .273
  Aggression
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.98 3.83 – 4.13 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.43 0.39 – 0.47 <.001
Observations 1919
R2 / R2 adjusted .227 / .226
  Submission
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.34 3.20 – 3.48 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.35 0.31 – 0.38 <.001
Observations 1919
R2 / R2 adjusted .176 / .175
  Conventionalism
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.39 3.22 – 3.56 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.49 0.45 – 0.53 <.001
Observations 1919
R2 / R2 adjusted .229 / .229
Table 28: Right-Wing Authoritarianism & Party Identity with Controls
  Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 4.30 4.00 – 4.59 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.41 0.38 – 0.45 <.001
Age 0.17 0.13 – 0.20 <.001
Income -0.05 -0.08 – -0.02 <.001
Education -0.31 -0.37 – -0.25 <.001
Gender (Male) -0.13 -0.25 – -0.01 .032
Observations 1919
R2 / R2 adjusted .345 / .343
  Aggression
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 5.02 4.67 – 5.36 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.42 0.39 – 0.46 <.001
Age 0.14 0.10 – 0.18 <.001
Income -0.03 -0.06 – 0.01 .150
Education -0.35 -0.42 – -0.27 <.001
Gender (Male) -0.30 -0.44 – -0.16 <.001
Observations 1919
R2 / R2 adjusted .283 / .281
  Submission
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 4.05 3.73 – 4.38 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.34 0.31 – 0.37 <.001
Age 0.13 0.09 – 0.16 <.001
Income -0.06 -0.09 – -0.03 <.001
Education -0.32 -0.39 – -0.25 <.001
Gender (Male) 0.01 -0.12 – 0.14 .860
Observations 1919
R2 / R2 adjusted .238 / .236
  Conventionalism
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.83 3.43 – 4.22 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.48 0.44 – 0.52 <.001
Age 0.23 0.18 – 0.28 <.001
Income -0.08 -0.12 – -0.04 <.001
Education -0.27 -0.35 – -0.18 <.001
Gender (Male) -0.10 -0.25 – 0.06 .216
Observations 1919
R2 / R2 adjusted .287 / .286

4.3 Religiosity

Figure 103: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 104: Aggression
Figure 105: Submission
Figure 106: Conventionalism
Figure 107: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 108: Aggression
Figure 109: Submission
Figure 110: Conventionalism

Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

Figure 111: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 112: Aggression
Figure 113: Submission
Figure 114: Conventionalism

4.4 Candidate Preferences

Figure 115: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 116: Aggression
Figure 117: Submission
Figure 118: Conventionalism
Table 29: Candidate Preference and Right-Wing Authoritarianism [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 770 0.72 0.75
Hillary Clinton 714 -0.28 0.87
Bernie Sanders 592 -0.72 0.91
Ted Cruz 83 0.65 0.78
Jeb Bush 44 0.11 0.84
Gary Johnson 43 -0.38 0.89
Rand Paul 30 0.08 0.65
John Kasich 88 -0.12 0.88
Jill Stein 32 -0.59 1.01
Ben Carson 82 0.63 0.76
Marco Rubio 38 0.63 0.79
None 243 -0.05 0.75
Table 30: Candidate Preference and Aggression [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 770 0.68 0.82
Hillary Clinton 714 -0.31 0.89
Bernie Sanders 592 -0.57 0.95
Ted Cruz 83 0.46 0.78
Jeb Bush 44 0.10 0.99
Gary Johnson 43 -0.30 0.96
Rand Paul 30 0.13 0.71
John Kasich 88 -0.25 0.88
Jill Stein 32 -0.54 0.99
Ben Carson 82 0.59 0.81
Marco Rubio 38 0.42 0.87
None 243 -0.08 0.73
Table 31: Candidate Preference and Submission [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 770 0.58 0.76
Hillary Clinton 714 -0.19 0.95
Bernie Sanders 592 -0.63 0.99
Ted Cruz 83 0.47 0.90
Jeb Bush 44 0.13 0.82
Gary Johnson 43 -0.35 0.86
Rand Paul 30 -0.01 0.78
John Kasich 88 -0.02 0.94
Jill Stein 32 -0.48 0.96
Ben Carson 82 0.39 0.85
Marco Rubio 38 0.58 0.83
None 243 -0.03 0.85
Table 32: Candidate Preference and Conventionalism [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 770 0.63 0.83
Hillary Clinton 714 -0.25 0.89
Bernie Sanders 592 -0.69 0.87
Ted Cruz 83 0.74 0.82
Jeb Bush 44 0.07 0.79
Gary Johnson 43 -0.35 0.90
Rand Paul 30 0.08 0.82
John Kasich 88 -0.05 0.92
Jill Stein 32 -0.53 0.99
Ben Carson 82 0.66 0.78
Marco Rubio 38 0.66 0.83
None 243 -0.03 0.82
Table 33: Candidate Preference and Right-Wing Authoritarianism [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 770 6.18 1.17
Hillary Clinton 714 4.61 1.36
Bernie Sanders 592 3.92 1.43
Ted Cruz 83 6.07 1.23
Jeb Bush 44 5.23 1.32
Gary Johnson 43 4.46 1.40
Rand Paul 30 5.18 1.01
John Kasich 88 4.87 1.39
Jill Stein 32 4.13 1.58
Ben Carson 82 6.05 1.19
Marco Rubio 38 6.05 1.23
None 243 4.97 1.18
Table 34: Candidate Preference and Aggression [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 770 6.67 1.44
Hillary Clinton 714 4.95 1.56
Bernie Sanders 592 4.48 1.66
Ted Cruz 83 6.30 1.37
Jeb Bush 44 5.66 1.74
Gary Johnson 43 4.97 1.68
Rand Paul 30 5.72 1.25
John Kasich 88 5.05 1.53
Jill Stein 32 4.55 1.73
Ben Carson 82 6.52 1.43
Marco Rubio 38 6.22 1.52
None 243 5.34 1.28
Table 35: Candidate Preference and Submission [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 770 5.50 1.23
Hillary Clinton 714 4.25 1.54
Bernie Sanders 592 3.53 1.61
Ted Cruz 83 5.31 1.46
Jeb Bush 44 4.76 1.32
Gary Johnson 43 3.99 1.39
Rand Paul 30 4.54 1.27
John Kasich 88 4.53 1.51
Jill Stein 32 3.77 1.55
Ben Carson 82 5.19 1.38
Marco Rubio 38 5.49 1.34
None 243 4.50 1.37
Table 36: Candidate Preference and Conventionalism [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 770 6.38 1.65
Hillary Clinton 714 4.62 1.78
Bernie Sanders 592 3.75 1.75
Ted Cruz 83 6.60 1.63
Jeb Bush 44 5.27 1.58
Gary Johnson 43 4.42 1.81
Rand Paul 30 5.29 1.64
John Kasich 88 5.03 1.84
Jill Stein 32 4.07 1.98
Ben Carson 82 6.44 1.57
Marco Rubio 38 6.43 1.66
None 243 5.06 1.65

4.5 Party Preferences

Figure 119: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 120: Aggression
Figure 121: Submission
Figure 122: Conventionalism
Table 37: Party Preference and Right-Wing Authoritarianism [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 1251 -0.40 0.92
Republican Party 898 0.66 0.75
Libertarian Party 150 -0.16 0.85
Green Party 68 -1.23 0.91
Tea Party 71 0.91 0.73
None 321 -0.14 0.82
Table 38: Party Preference and Aggression [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 1251 -0.37 0.93
Republican Party 898 0.60 0.82
Libertarian Party 150 -0.12 0.94
Green Party 68 -1.05 0.92
Tea Party 71 0.76 0.87
None 321 -0.15 0.84
Table 39: Party Preference and Submission [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 1251 -0.32 0.99
Republican Party 898 0.54 0.79
Libertarian Party 150 -0.16 0.89
Green Party 68 -1.06 0.92
Tea Party 71 0.59 0.80
None 321 -0.12 0.89
Table 40: Party Preference and Conventionalism [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 1251 -0.38 0.92
Republican Party 898 0.59 0.83
Libertarian Party 150 -0.15 0.84
Green Party 68 -1.11 0.89
Tea Party 71 0.98 0.72
None 321 -0.10 0.84
Table 41: Party Preference and Right-Wing Authoritarianism [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 1251 4.42 1.45
Republican Party 898 6.09 1.18
Libertarian Party 150 4.80 1.33
Green Party 68 3.13 1.42
Tea Party 71 6.48 1.14
None 321 4.84 1.28
Table 42: Party Preference and Aggression [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 1251 4.85 1.63
Republican Party 898 6.54 1.43
Libertarian Party 150 5.28 1.64
Green Party 68 3.65 1.61
Tea Party 71 6.82 1.52
None 321 5.22 1.47
Table 43: Party Preference and Submission [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 1251 4.04 1.60
Republican Party 898 5.43 1.28
Libertarian Party 150 4.30 1.43
Green Party 68 2.84 1.48
Tea Party 71 5.51 1.29
None 321 4.36 1.44
Table 44: Party Preference and Conventionalism [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 1251 4.37 1.85
Republican Party 898 6.30 1.67
Libertarian Party 150 4.82 1.68
Green Party 68 2.90 1.78
Tea Party 71 7.09 1.45
None 321 4.92 1.69

4.6 Voting

Table 45: Right-Wing Authoritarianism Voting Preferences
  2016 [Trump vs. Clinton] 2012 [Romney vs. Obama] 2008 [McCain vs. Obama]
Predictors Log-Odds CI p Log-Odds CI p Log-Odds CI p
(Intercept) .823 -Inf – Inf <.001 1.210 -Inf – Inf <.001 1.155 -Inf – Inf <.001
Right-Wing Authoritarianism -1.480 -Inf – Inf <.001 -1.195 -Inf – Inf <.001 -1.098 -Inf – Inf <.001
Observations 2759 2759 2759
R2 Tjur .218 .050 .140
Figure 123: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 124: Aggression
Figure 125: Submission
Figure 126: Conventionalism

4.7 Voting & Party Identity

Table 46

4.8 Likeability

5 Politico-Psychological correlates of Right-Wing Authoritarianism


5.1 Ideologies and Partisanship

Figure 127: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (by magnitude)
Figure 128: Aggression
Figure 129: Submission
Figure 130: Conventionalism
Figure 131: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (alphabetic)
Figure 132: Aggression
Figure 133: Submission
Figure 134: Conventionalism

5.2 Populism, Nationalism, Nativism, and Patriotism

Figure 135: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (by magnitude)
Figure 136: Aggression
Figure 137: Submission
Figure 138: Conventionalism
Figure 139: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (alphabetic)
Figure 140: Aggression
Figure 141: Submission
Figure 142: Conventionalism



5.3 Political Psychology

Figure 143: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (by magnitude)
Figure 144: Aggression
Figure 145: Submission
Figure 146: Conventionalism
Figure 147: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (alphabetic)
Figure 148: Aggression
Figure 149: Submission
Figure 150: Conventionalism



5.4 Positive and Negative correlates of Right-Wing Authoritarianism

Figure 151: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (by magnitude)
Figure 152: Aggression
Figure 153: Submission
Figure 154: Conventionalism
Figure 155: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (alphabetic)
Figure 156: Aggression
Figure 157: Submission
Figure 158: Conventionalism
Figure 159: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (by magnitude)
Figure 160: Aggression
Figure 161: Submission
Figure 162: Conventionalism
Figure 163: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (alphabetic)
Figure 164: Aggression
Figure 165: Submission
Figure 166: Conventionalism

6 Elastic Net Analysis

Figure 167: Elastic net predicting Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Political Psychology
Figure 168: Elastic net predicting Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Ideology & Partisanship
Figure 169: Elastic net predicting Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Demographics
Figure 170: Elastic net predicting Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Attitudes
Figure 171: Elastic net predicting Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Everything
Table 47: Elastic Net Summary
Elastic Net R² for predicting Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Variable Group # Predictors R²
Political Psychology 4 .413
Ideology & Partisanship 5 .487
Demographics 5 .108
Attitudes 4 .479
Everything 18 .679
PPBS
Psychology of Political Behavior Studies PI: Flavio Azevedo