PPBS

Right-Wing Authoritarianism [2020]

A Politico-Psychological Analysis

Report generated

March 23, 2026

1 Study Characteristics

1.1 Items: Right-Wing Authoritarianism

1.2 Sample

N=TBD

Sample description for the 2020 PPBS CINT study to be added.

2 Descriptives

2.1 Means, SD, Range, & SE

Table 1: Descriptives
Descriptives for Right-Wing Authoritarianism
mean sd median se
Aggression_mean 5.49 1.57 5.25 0.04
Submission_mean 4.52 1.52 5.00 0.03
Conventionalism_mean 4.99 1.86 5.00 0.04
RWA 5.00 1.43 5.00 0.03
Note:
n = 2000, min = 1, max = 9
Table 2: Descriptives – Item Level
Descriptives for Right-Wing Authoritarianism at Item Level
mean sd median se
Aggression1 4.91 2.58 5.00 0.06
Aggression2 5.77 2.57 6.00 0.06
Aggression3 5.83 2.38 5.00 0.05
Aggression4 5.44 2.13 5.00 0.05
Submission1 5.64 2.29 6.00 0.05
Submission2 5.53 2.22 5.00 0.05
Submission3 2.73 2.04 2.00 0.05
Submission4 4.16 2.21 4.00 0.05
Conventionalism1 5.13 2.47 5.00 0.06
Conventionalism2 5.56 2.18 5.00 0.05
Conventionalism3 5.19 2.56 5.00 0.06
Conventionalism4 4.08 2.66 4.00 0.06
RWA 5.00 1.43 5.00 0.03
Aggression_mean 5.49 1.57 5.25 0.04
Submission_mean 4.52 1.52 5.00 0.03
Conventionalism_mean 4.99 1.86 5.00 0.04
Note:
All items: n = 2000, min = 1, max = 9. RWA: min = 1, max = 9. Aggression_mean: min = 1, max = 9. Submission_mean: min = 1, max = 9. Conventionalism_mean: min = 1, max = 9

2.2 Response Distribution

Figure 1: Proportion of each facet of Right-Wing Authoritarianism at item level: Aggression
Figure 2: Proportion of each facet of Right-Wing Authoritarianism at item level: Submission
Figure 3: Proportion of each facet of Right-Wing Authoritarianism at item level: Conventionalism
Figure 4: Aggression
Figure 5: Submission
Figure 6: Conventionalism

2.3 Correlations

2.3.1 Correlation Plots

Figure 7: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 8: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Aggression
Figure 9: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Submission
Figure 10: Bivariate Spearman correlations: Conventionalism

Note. Upper triangle shows Spearman’s rank-order correlations. *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05.

2.3.2 PIDF

Figure 11: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 12: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Aggression
Figure 13: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Submission
Figure 14: Bivariate Spearman correlations by party identity: Conventionalism

Note. Upper triangle shows Spearman’s rank-order correlations by party identity. *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05.

2.3.3 Correlation Matrix

3 Demographics

3.1 Social Class

Figure 15: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 16: Aggression
Figure 17: Submission
Figure 18: Conventionalism
Figure 19: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 20: Aggression
Figure 21: Submission
Figure 22: Conventionalism

Note on the Raincloud Plots

  • Statistical summary (top): Welch’s t-test (or ANOVA) results, effect size, confidence intervals, p-values, and sample sizes are shown above each plot.
  • Bayesian analysis (bottom): Log Bayes factor and credible intervals are reported below each plot.
Table 3
Table 4: Conventionalism as grouped by SES
(a)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 154 0.07 0.88
Lower Middle Class 405 0.02 0.89
Middle Middle Class 786 0.06 1.05
Upper Middle Class 655 -0.10 1.02
(b)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 154 0.06 0.93
Lower Middle Class 405 0.02 0.89
Middle Middle Class 786 0.07 1.02
Upper Middle Class 655 -0.11 1.05
(c)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 154 0.09 0.94
Lower Middle Class 405 0.04 0.95
Middle Middle Class 786 0.04 1.03
Upper Middle Class 655 -0.09 1.01
(d)
SES N Mean SD
Poor 154 0.03 0.88
Lower Middle Class 405 0.01 0.94
Middle Middle Class 786 0.05 1.07
Upper Middle Class 655 -0.07 0.98

3.2 Gender

Figure 23: Right-Wing Authoritarianism Facets, as grouped by Gender: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 24: Right-Wing Authoritarianism Facets, as grouped by Gender: Aggression
Figure 25: Right-Wing Authoritarianism Facets, as grouped by Gender: Submission
Figure 26: Right-Wing Authoritarianism Facets, as grouped by Gender: Conventionalism
Figure 27: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 28: Aggression
Figure 29: Submission
Figure 30: Conventionalism
Table 5
Table 6: Conventionalism as grouped by Gender
(a)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 1030 0.02 0.99
Male 970 -0.02 1.01
(b)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 1030 0.05 0.94
Male 970 -0.05 1.05
(c)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 1030 -0.01 1.01
Male 970 0.01 0.99
(d)
Gender N Mean SD
Female 1030 0.01 1.01
Male 970 -0.01 0.99

3.3 Age

Figure 31: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 32: Aggression
Figure 33: Submission
Figure 34: Conventionalism
Figure 35: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 36: Aggression
Figure 37: Submission
Figure 38: Conventionalism
Table 7
Table 8: Conventionalism as grouped by Age
(a)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 233 -0.41 0.86
25-34 years 356 -0.23 0.88
35-44 years 335 -0.07 0.96
45-54 years 331 0.14 1.02
55-64 years 332 0.25 1.02
NA 413 0.18 1.05
(b)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 233 -0.29 0.78
25-34 years 356 -0.19 0.86
35-44 years 335 -0.04 0.95
45-54 years 331 0.14 1.04
55-64 years 332 0.25 1.05
NA 413 0.05 1.11
(c)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 233 -0.33 1.01
25-34 years 356 -0.15 0.97
35-44 years 335 -0.02 0.97
45-54 years 331 0.12 0.98
55-64 years 332 0.15 1.00
NA 413 0.11 1.00
(d)
Age N Mean SD
18-24 years 233 -0.43 0.90
25-34 years 356 -0.25 0.97
35-44 years 335 -0.12 0.98
45-54 years 331 0.11 0.96
55-64 years 332 0.25 1.00
NA 413 0.28 0.98

3.4 Education

Figure 39: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 40: Aggression
Figure 41: Submission
Figure 42: Conventionalism
Figure 43: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 44: Aggression
Figure 45: Submission
Figure 46: Conventionalism
Table 9
Table 10: Conventionalism as grouped by Education
(a)
Education N Mean SD
High School or less 761 0.12 0.92
Some College 565 0.00 1.07
Bachelor or higher 674 -0.14 1.01
(b)
Education N Mean SD
High School or less 761 0.15 0.92
Some College 565 0.01 1.04
Bachelor or higher 674 -0.18 1.03
(c)
Education N Mean SD
High School or less 761 0.11 0.96
Some College 565 -0.01 1.04
Bachelor or higher 674 -0.11 1.00
(d)
Education N Mean SD
High School or less 761 0.07 0.96
Some College 565 0.00 1.08
Bachelor or higher 674 -0.08 0.98

3.5 Income Levels

Figure 47: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 48: Aggression
Figure 49: Submission
Figure 50: Conventionalism
Figure 51: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 52: Aggression
Figure 53: Submission
Figure 54: Conventionalism
Table 11
Table 12: Conventionalism as grouped by Income Levels
(a)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 229 0.00 0.89
$15,000-$24,999 188 0.15 0.84
$25,000-$34,999 187 0.06 1.03
$35,000-$49,999 255 0.09 1.04
$50,000-$74,999 357 -0.04 1.02
$75,000-$99,999 243 -0.01 1.03
$100,000-$149,999 290 -0.08 1.04
$150,000 + 251 -0.08 1.03
(b)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 229 -0.09 0.91
$15,000-$24,999 188 0.14 0.87
$25,000-$34,999 187 0.02 1.01
$35,000-$49,999 255 0.08 1.01
$50,000-$74,999 357 0.00 1.03
$75,000-$99,999 243 -0.05 1.06
$100,000-$149,999 290 0.00 1.00
$150,000 + 251 -0.08 1.04
(c)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 229 0.08 0.93
$15,000-$24,999 188 0.12 0.90
$25,000-$34,999 187 0.01 1.00
$35,000-$49,999 255 0.06 1.03
$50,000-$74,999 357 -0.06 1.03
$75,000-$99,999 243 0.04 1.00
$100,000-$149,999 290 -0.12 1.05
$150,000 + 251 -0.05 0.99
(d)
Income Levels N Mean SD
Less than $15,000 229 0.01 0.89
$15,000-$24,999 188 0.12 0.93
$25,000-$34,999 187 0.11 1.03
$35,000-$49,999 255 0.09 1.03
$50,000-$74,999 357 -0.05 1.06
$75,000-$99,999 243 -0.03 0.99
$100,000-$149,999 290 -0.08 1.01
$150,000 + 251 -0.08 0.99

3.6 Ethnicity

Figure 55: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 56: Aggression
Figure 57: Submission
Figure 58: Conventionalism

Note on the Okabe-Ito color palette. The Okabe-Ito color palette (seen above) is a set of colorblind-friendly categorical colors available in R. We are using this palette for graphs with non-ordered variables (e.g., groups, categories) for accessibility.

Figure 59: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 60: Aggression
Figure 61: Submission
Figure 62: Conventionalism
Table 13
Table 14: Conventionalism as grouped by Ethnicity
(a)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Black/African American 255 -0.05 0.71
Asian/Pacific Islander 99 -0.29 0.75
Native American 13 -0.49 0.97
Other 27 0.01 1.04
NA 1516 0.05 1.05
NA 88 -0.34 0.86
NA 2 -1.10 0.00
(b)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Black/African American 255 -0.17 0.75
Asian/Pacific Islander 99 -0.22 0.77
Native American 13 -0.35 0.92
Other 27 0.10 1.01
NA 1516 0.06 1.05
NA 88 -0.26 0.80
NA 2 -0.79 0.45
(c)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Black/African American 255 0.01 0.88
Asian/Pacific Islander 99 -0.15 0.81
Native American 13 -0.40 0.93
Other 27 -0.05 1.00
NA 1516 0.03 1.03
NA 88 -0.32 1.02
NA 2 -1.66 0.47
(d)
Ethnicity N Mean SD
Black/African American 255 0.03 0.82
Asian/Pacific Islander 99 -0.37 0.81
Native American 13 -0.50 0.95
Other 27 -0.03 1.05
NA 1516 0.04 1.04
NA 88 -0.30 0.87
NA 2 -0.53 0.76

3.7 Occupation

Figure 63: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 64: Aggression
Figure 65: Submission
Figure 66: Conventionalism
Figure 67: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 68: Aggression
Figure 69: Submission
Figure 70: Conventionalism
Table 15
Table 16: Conventionalism as grouped by Occupation
(a)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 994 -0.03 1.01
Retired 420 0.19 1.01
Unemployed 241 -0.05 0.98
Parent 71 0.13 0.86
Disabled 114 0.07 1.03
Student 123 -0.48 0.81
Full-time caregiver 37 0.01 0.97
(b)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 994 0.00 1.00
Retired 420 0.06 1.07
Unemployed 241 -0.05 0.96
Parent 71 0.20 0.90
Disabled 114 0.11 1.04
Student 123 -0.31 0.79
Full-time caregiver 37 -0.05 0.80
(c)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 994 -0.03 1.01
Retired 420 0.14 0.96
Unemployed 241 0.01 0.99
Parent 71 0.10 0.90
Disabled 114 0.05 1.07
Student 123 -0.41 0.99
Full-time caregiver 37 0.05 1.04
(d)
Occupation N Mean SD
Employed 994 -0.04 1.01
Retired 420 0.28 0.96
Unemployed 241 -0.07 0.99
Parent 71 0.06 0.91
Disabled 114 0.03 1.04
Student 123 -0.51 0.86
Full-time caregiver 37 0.02 1.01

3.8 Area

Figure 71: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 72: Aggression
Figure 73: Submission
Figure 74: Conventionalism
Figure 75: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 76: Aggression
Figure 77: Submission
Figure 78: Conventionalism
Table 17
Table 18: Conventionalism as grouped by Area
(a)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 568 -0.14 0.96
Rural 424 0.29 0.99
NA 1008 -0.04 1.00
(b)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 568 -0.15 0.94
Rural 424 0.25 0.97
NA 1008 -0.02 1.03
(c)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 568 -0.07 1.04
Rural 424 0.22 0.97
NA 1008 -0.05 0.98
(d)
Area N Mean SD
Urban 568 -0.14 0.95
Rural 424 0.28 1.01
NA 1008 -0.04 1.00

3.9 Religious Affiliation

Figure 79: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 80: Aggression
Figure 81: Submission
Figure 82: Conventionalism
Figure 83: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 84: Aggression
Figure 85: Submission
Figure 86: Conventionalism
Table 19
Table 20: Conventionalism as grouped by Religious Affiliation
(a)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Catholic 468 0.07 0.89
Protestant 784 0.39 0.89
Jewish 72 -0.38 1.05
Muslim 11 -0.04 0.60
Atheist/Agnostic 328 -0.79 1.01
Don't know / refused 337 -0.16 0.86
(b)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Catholic 468 0.05 0.94
Protestant 784 0.23 0.98
Jewish 72 -0.29 1.11
Muslim 11 -0.22 0.31
Atheist/Agnostic 328 -0.46 1.04
Don't know / refused 337 -0.08 0.90
(c)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Catholic 468 0.07 0.91
Protestant 784 0.32 0.88
Jewish 72 -0.37 1.06
Muslim 11 0.15 0.61
Atheist/Agnostic 328 -0.69 1.08
Don't know / refused 337 -0.10 0.91
(d)
Religious Affiliation N Mean SD
Catholic 468 0.06 0.88
Protestant 784 0.45 0.89
Jewish 72 -0.33 0.94
Muslim 11 -0.03 0.87
Atheist/Agnostic 328 -0.88 0.91
Don't know / refused 337 -0.21 0.85

3.10 Section Summary

  Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 4.76 4.51 – 5.02 <.001
Age 0.20 0.16 – 0.24 <.001
Income -0.01 -0.04 – 0.02 .377
Education -0.23 -0.32 – -0.15 <.001
Gender (Male) 0.02 -0.11 – 0.14 .810
Observations 2000
R2 / R2 adjusted .065 / .063

4 Political Behavior

4.1 Political Orientation

Correlation with General Conservatism, Economic Conservatism, Social Conservatism

Figure 87: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 88: Aggression
Figure 89: Submission
Figure 90: Conventionalism
Figure 91: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 92: Aggression
Figure 93: Submission
Figure 94: Conventionalism
Figure 95: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 96: Aggression
Figure 97: Submission
Figure 98: Conventionalism

Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

Table 21: Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Political Orientation
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 51.70 50.66 – 52.75 <.001 50.03 48.96 – 51.10 <.001 54.38 53.26 – 55.51 <.001 52.04 51.05 – 53.03 <.001
Right-Wing Authoritarianism 18.95 17.91 – 20.00 <.001 20.89 19.82 – 21.96 <.001 18.30 17.18 – 19.43 <.001 19.38 18.39 – 20.37 <.001
Observations 2000 2000 2000 2000
R2 / R2 adjusted .389 / .388 .423 / .423 .338 / .337 .424 / .424
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 51.70 50.53 – 52.88 <.001 50.03 48.80 – 51.27 <.001 54.38 53.15 – 55.62 <.001 52.04 50.90 – 53.18 <.001
Aggression 14.47 13.30 – 15.65 <.001 15.34 14.10 – 16.57 <.001 14.10 12.86 – 15.33 <.001 14.64 13.50 – 15.77 <.001
Observations 2000 2000 2000 2000
R2 / R2 adjusted .227 / .226 .228 / .228 .200 / .200 .242 / .241
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 51.70 50.58 – 52.83 <.001 50.03 48.87 – 51.20 <.001 54.38 53.18 – 55.59 <.001 52.04 50.96 – 53.12 <.001
Submission 16.30 15.17 – 17.42 <.001 18.07 16.90 – 19.23 <.001 15.52 14.32 – 16.72 <.001 16.63 15.54 – 17.71 <.001
Observations 2000 2000 2000 2000
R2 / R2 adjusted .287 / .287 .317 / .316 .243 / .242 .312 / .312
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation Composite Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 51.70 50.64 – 52.77 <.001 50.03 48.96 – 51.11 <.001 54.38 53.24 – 55.52 <.001 52.04 51.03 – 53.05 <.001
Conventionalism 18.34 17.28 – 19.40 <.001 20.64 19.57 – 21.72 <.001 17.79 16.64 – 18.93 <.001 18.92 17.92 – 19.93 <.001
Observations 2000 2000 2000 2000
R2 / R2 adjusted .364 / .364 .413 / .413 .319 / .319 .404 / .404
Table 22: Right-Wing Authoritarianism models and Demographics
  Political Orientation Social Political Orientation Economic Political Orientation
Predictors Estimates CI p Estimates CI p Estimates CI p
(Intercept) -21.15 -26.80 – -15.49 <.001 -27.04 -32.85 – -21.23 <.001 -23.25 -29.31 – -17.20 <.001
RWA 13.35 12.60 – 14.10 <.001 14.66 13.89 – 15.43 <.001 13.00 12.20 – 13.80 <.001
Age 0.09 -0.56 – 0.73 .792 -0.07 -0.73 – 0.60 .843 0.14 -0.55 – 0.83 .688
Income -0.26 -0.79 – 0.26 .325 -0.38 -0.92 – 0.16 .168 0.39 -0.18 – 0.95 .180
Education 2.30 0.88 – 3.73 .002 1.08 -0.39 – 2.54 .149 3.14 1.61 – 4.66 <.001
Gender (Male) 1.71 -0.41 – 3.83 .114 2.53 0.35 – 4.71 .023 2.81 0.54 – 5.09 .015
Observations 2000 2000 2000
R2 / R2 adjusted .393 / .392 .426 / .424 .352 / .350

4.2 Partisanship

Figure 99: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 100: Aggression
Figure 101: Submission
Figure 102: Conventionalism
Table 23: Mean Right-Wing Authoritarianism by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Democrat 772 4.32 1.34
Republican 657 5.92 1.14
Don't Know/Other 72 4.86 0.96
Independent/Moderate 499 4.86 1.32
Table 24: Mean Aggression by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Democrat 772 4.87 1.43
Republican 657 6.30 1.41
Don't Know/Other 72 5.49 1.10
Independent/Moderate 499 5.37 1.56
Table 25: Mean Submission by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Democrat 772 3.92 1.56
Republican 657 5.30 1.19
Don't Know/Other 72 4.49 1.20
Independent/Moderate 499 4.40 1.42
Table 26: Mean Conventionalism by Party Identity (raw means)
Party Identity N Mean SD
Democrat 772 4.16 1.75
Republican 657 6.16 1.56
Don't Know/Other 72 4.60 1.39
Independent/Moderate 499 4.80 1.63
Table 27: Right-Wing Authoritarianism & Party Identity (7-point)
  Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.51 3.37 – 3.66 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.40 0.37 – 0.43 <.001
Observations 1429
R2 / R2 adjusted .289 / .289
  Aggression
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 4.15 3.99 – 4.31 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.36 0.32 – 0.39 <.001
Observations 1429
R2 / R2 adjusted .202 / .201
  Submission
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.23 3.07 – 3.39 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.34 0.31 – 0.38 <.001
Observations 1429
R2 / R2 adjusted .193 / .193
  Conventionalism
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.16 2.97 – 3.34 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.50 0.46 – 0.54 <.001
Observations 1429
R2 / R2 adjusted .264 / .264
Table 28: Right-Wing Authoritarianism & Party Identity with Controls
  Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.55 3.26 – 3.84 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.39 0.36 – 0.42 <.001
Age 0.15 0.11 – 0.19 <.001
Income -0.04 -0.07 – -0.00 .036
Education -0.22 -0.30 – -0.13 <.001
Gender (Male) 0.03 -0.10 – 0.16 .615
Observations 1429
R2 / R2 adjusted .335 / .333
  Aggression
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 4.38 4.04 – 4.71 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.35 0.31 – 0.39 <.001
Age 0.11 0.06 – 0.15 <.001
Income 0.01 -0.02 – 0.05 .501
Education -0.30 -0.40 – -0.21 <.001
Gender (Male) -0.03 -0.18 – 0.11 .654
Observations 1429
R2 / R2 adjusted .237 / .234
  Submission
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 3.28 2.95 – 3.61 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.34 0.30 – 0.38 <.001
Age 0.10 0.06 – 0.14 <.001
Income -0.04 -0.08 – -0.00 .039
Education -0.18 -0.28 – -0.09 <.001
Gender (Male) 0.10 -0.04 – 0.25 .161
Observations 1429
R2 / R2 adjusted .219 / .217
  Conventionalism
Predictors Estimates CI p
(Intercept) 2.99 2.61 – 3.38 <.001
Party Identity (7-point) 0.48 0.44 – 0.53 <.001
Age 0.24 0.19 – 0.29 <.001
Income -0.08 -0.12 – -0.04 <.001
Education -0.16 -0.28 – -0.05 .004
Gender (Male) 0.03 -0.14 – 0.20 .749
Observations 1429
R2 / R2 adjusted .319 / .316

4.3 Religiosity

Figure 103: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 104: Aggression
Figure 105: Submission
Figure 106: Conventionalism
Figure 107: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 108: Aggression
Figure 109: Submission
Figure 110: Conventionalism

Note. The y-axis shows residuals after regressing the outcome on demographics (Age, Income, Education, Gender). This illustrates how much the focal construct explains beyond demographic factors.

Figure 111: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 112: Aggression
Figure 113: Submission
Figure 114: Conventionalism

4.4 Candidate Preferences

Figure 115: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 116: Aggression
Figure 117: Submission
Figure 118: Conventionalism
Table 29: Candidate Preference and Right-Wing Authoritarianism [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 614 0.73 0.72
Joe Biden 326 -0.16 0.79
Bernie Sanders 326 -0.70 0.92
Elizabeth Warren 86 -1.10 0.96
Kamala Harris 30 -0.67 1.06
Pete Buttigieg 75 -0.50 0.95
Rand Paul 24 0.09 0.94
None/Not listed 217 0.02 0.75
Michael Bloomberg 43 -0.29 0.86
Jeb Bush 29 0.21 0.90
Beto O'Rourke 13 -0.71 0.96
Ted Cruz 46 0.67 0.81
Hillary Clinton 78 -0.31 0.82
Mitt Romney 28 0.14 0.68
Amy Klobuchar 23 -0.75 1.01
Marco Rubio 26 0.41 0.57
Gary Johnson 10 -0.13 0.73
Jill Stein 6 -0.73 1.05
Table 30: Candidate Preference and Aggression [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 614 0.63 0.88
Joe Biden 326 -0.28 0.85
Bernie Sanders 326 -0.48 0.89
Elizabeth Warren 86 -0.82 0.95
Kamala Harris 30 -0.79 0.98
Pete Buttigieg 75 -0.31 1.14
Rand Paul 24 0.06 1.10
None/Not listed 217 -0.03 0.77
Michael Bloomberg 43 -0.19 0.82
Jeb Bush 29 0.26 0.92
Beto O'Rourke 13 -0.84 0.92
Ted Cruz 46 0.50 0.73
Hillary Clinton 78 -0.26 0.81
Mitt Romney 28 -0.04 0.89
Amy Klobuchar 23 -0.68 0.85
Marco Rubio 26 0.37 0.67
Gary Johnson 10 0.18 0.92
Jill Stein 6 -0.20 1.18
Table 31: Candidate Preference and Submission [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 614 0.59 0.70
Joe Biden 326 -0.04 0.86
Bernie Sanders 326 -0.62 1.06
Elizabeth Warren 86 -1.03 1.00
Kamala Harris 30 -0.53 1.17
Pete Buttigieg 75 -0.43 0.89
Rand Paul 24 -0.09 0.92
None/Not listed 217 0.05 0.83
Michael Bloomberg 43 -0.21 0.92
Jeb Bush 29 0.05 0.92
Beto O'Rourke 13 -0.44 1.16
Ted Cruz 46 0.44 0.92
Hillary Clinton 78 -0.20 0.94
Mitt Romney 28 0.12 0.69
Amy Klobuchar 23 -0.66 1.15
Marco Rubio 26 0.22 0.69
Gary Johnson 10 -0.27 0.99
Jill Stein 6 -0.81 0.92
Table 32: Candidate Preference and Conventionalism [centered]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 614 0.66 0.78
Joe Biden 326 -0.11 0.81
Bernie Sanders 326 -0.71 0.92
Elizabeth Warren 86 -1.01 0.96
Kamala Harris 30 -0.44 0.92
Pete Buttigieg 75 -0.55 0.84
Rand Paul 24 0.24 0.88
None/Not listed 217 0.03 0.78
Michael Bloomberg 43 -0.34 0.82
Jeb Bush 29 0.22 0.99
Beto O'Rourke 13 -0.59 0.80
Ted Cruz 46 0.76 0.83
Hillary Clinton 78 -0.35 0.84
Mitt Romney 28 0.26 0.81
Amy Klobuchar 23 -0.62 0.99
Marco Rubio 26 0.45 0.72
Gary Johnson 10 -0.22 0.81
Jill Stein 6 -0.85 0.75
Table 33: Candidate Preference and Right-Wing Authoritarianism [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 614 6.04 1.03
Joe Biden 326 4.76 1.13
Bernie Sanders 326 3.99 1.31
Elizabeth Warren 86 3.42 1.38
Kamala Harris 30 4.04 1.51
Pete Buttigieg 75 4.28 1.36
Rand Paul 24 5.13 1.35
None/Not listed 217 5.03 1.08
Michael Bloomberg 43 4.58 1.23
Jeb Bush 29 5.29 1.29
Beto O'Rourke 13 3.97 1.37
Ted Cruz 46 5.95 1.16
Hillary Clinton 78 4.55 1.18
Mitt Romney 28 5.21 0.97
Amy Klobuchar 23 3.93 1.45
Marco Rubio 26 5.58 0.81
Gary Johnson 10 4.82 1.05
Jill Stein 6 3.96 1.50
Table 34: Candidate Preference and Aggression [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 614 6.47 1.38
Joe Biden 326 5.05 1.33
Bernie Sanders 326 4.73 1.40
Elizabeth Warren 86 4.19 1.49
Kamala Harris 30 4.25 1.53
Pete Buttigieg 75 5.01 1.78
Rand Paul 24 5.58 1.73
None/Not listed 217 5.44 1.21
Michael Bloomberg 43 5.19 1.28
Jeb Bush 29 5.90 1.45
Beto O'Rourke 13 4.17 1.44
Ted Cruz 46 6.27 1.14
Hillary Clinton 78 5.08 1.27
Mitt Romney 28 5.43 1.40
Amy Klobuchar 23 4.42 1.33
Marco Rubio 26 6.07 1.05
Gary Johnson 10 5.78 1.44
Jill Stein 6 5.17 1.84
Table 35: Candidate Preference and Submission [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 614 5.42 1.07
Joe Biden 326 4.46 1.31
Bernie Sanders 326 3.57 1.60
Elizabeth Warren 86 2.95 1.52
Kamala Harris 30 3.71 1.78
Pete Buttigieg 75 3.86 1.36
Rand Paul 24 4.38 1.39
None/Not listed 217 4.59 1.26
Michael Bloomberg 43 4.20 1.40
Jeb Bush 29 4.59 1.40
Beto O'Rourke 13 3.85 1.77
Ted Cruz 46 5.19 1.40
Hillary Clinton 78 4.21 1.43
Mitt Romney 28 4.71 1.05
Amy Klobuchar 23 3.51 1.74
Marco Rubio 26 4.85 1.05
Gary Johnson 10 4.10 1.50
Jill Stein 6 3.29 1.40
Table 36: Candidate Preference and Conventionalism [raw means]
Candidate Preference N Mean SD
Donald Trump 614 6.22 1.45
Joe Biden 326 4.78 1.51
Bernie Sanders 326 3.68 1.71
Elizabeth Warren 86 3.12 1.78
Kamala Harris 30 4.18 1.71
Pete Buttigieg 75 3.96 1.56
Rand Paul 24 5.44 1.63
None/Not listed 217 5.04 1.44
Michael Bloomberg 43 4.35 1.53
Jeb Bush 29 5.40 1.83
Beto O'Rourke 13 3.90 1.48
Ted Cruz 46 6.40 1.54
Hillary Clinton 78 4.35 1.55
Mitt Romney 28 5.48 1.50
Amy Klobuchar 23 3.85 1.84
Marco Rubio 26 5.83 1.34
Gary Johnson 10 4.58 1.51
Jill Stein 6 3.42 1.38

4.5 Party Preferences

Figure 119: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 120: Aggression
Figure 121: Submission
Figure 122: Conventionalism
Table 37: Party Preference and Right-Wing Authoritarianism [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 841 -0.51 0.93
Republican Party 736 0.63 0.76
Libertarian Party 97 -0.16 0.83
Green Party 22 -0.84 0.83
Tea Party 38 0.91 0.86
None 266 -0.13 0.82
Table 38: Party Preference and Aggression [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 841 -0.43 0.91
Republican Party 736 0.51 0.89
Libertarian Party 97 -0.10 1.01
Green Party 22 -0.73 0.83
Tea Party 38 0.83 0.89
None 266 -0.09 0.86
Table 39: Party Preference and Submission [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 841 -0.42 1.02
Republican Party 736 0.53 0.74
Libertarian Party 97 -0.20 0.93
Green Party 22 -0.61 1.04
Tea Party 38 0.60 0.89
None 266 -0.08 0.85
Table 40: Party Preference and Conventionalism [centered]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 841 -0.48 0.93
Republican Party 736 0.60 0.81
Libertarian Party 97 -0.13 0.83
Green Party 22 -0.84 0.74
Tea Party 38 0.91 0.93
None 266 -0.16 0.81
Table 41: Party Preference and Right-Wing Authoritarianism [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 841 4.26 1.32
Republican Party 736 5.90 1.09
Libertarian Party 97 4.77 1.18
Green Party 22 3.79 1.19
Tea Party 38 6.30 1.23
None 266 4.81 1.18
Table 42: Party Preference and Aggression [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 841 4.82 1.42
Republican Party 736 6.28 1.40
Libertarian Party 97 5.32 1.58
Green Party 22 4.34 1.30
Tea Party 38 6.79 1.39
None 266 5.35 1.35
Table 43: Party Preference and Submission [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 841 3.87 1.55
Republican Party 736 5.32 1.13
Libertarian Party 97 4.21 1.41
Green Party 22 3.59 1.57
Tea Party 38 5.43 1.35
None 266 4.40 1.30
Table 44: Party Preference and Conventionalism [raw means]
Party Preference N Mean SD
Democrat Party 841 4.10 1.73
Republican Party 736 6.10 1.50
Libertarian Party 97 4.76 1.53
Green Party 22 3.43 1.38
Tea Party 38 6.68 1.73
None 266 4.69 1.49

4.6 Voting

Table 45: Right-Wing Authoritarianism Voting Preferences
  2020 [Trump vs. Biden]
Predictors Log-Odds CI p
(Intercept) 2.181 -Inf – Inf <.001
Right-Wing Authoritarianism -0.011 -Inf – Inf .886
Observations 2000
R2 Tjur .000
Figure 123: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 124: Aggression
Figure 125: Submission
Figure 126: Conventionalism

4.7 Voting & Party Identity

Table 46
Figure 127: Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Figure 128: Aggression
Figure 129: Submission
Figure 130: Conventionalism

4.8 Likeability

5 Politico-Psychological correlates of Right-Wing Authoritarianism


5.1 Ideologies and Partisanship

Figure 131: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (by magnitude)
Figure 132: Aggression
Figure 133: Submission
Figure 134: Conventionalism
Figure 135: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (alphabetic)
Figure 136: Aggression
Figure 137: Submission
Figure 138: Conventionalism

5.2 Populism, Nationalism, Nativism, and Patriotism

Figure 139: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (by magnitude)
Figure 140: Aggression
Figure 141: Submission
Figure 142: Conventionalism
Figure 143: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (alphabetic)
Figure 144: Aggression
Figure 145: Submission
Figure 146: Conventionalism



5.3 Political Psychology

Figure 147: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (by magnitude)
Figure 148: Aggression
Figure 149: Submission
Figure 150: Conventionalism
Figure 151: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (alphabetic)
Figure 152: Aggression
Figure 153: Submission
Figure 154: Conventionalism



5.4 Positive and Negative correlates of Right-Wing Authoritarianism

Figure 155: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (by magnitude)
Figure 156: Aggression
Figure 157: Submission
Figure 158: Conventionalism
Figure 159: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (alphabetic)
Figure 160: Aggression
Figure 161: Submission
Figure 162: Conventionalism
Figure 163: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (by magnitude)
Figure 164: Aggression
Figure 165: Submission
Figure 166: Conventionalism
Figure 167: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (alphabetic)
Figure 168: Aggression
Figure 169: Submission
Figure 170: Conventionalism

6 Elastic Net Analysis

Figure 171: Elastic net predicting Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Political Psychology
Figure 172: Elastic net predicting Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Ideology & Partisanship
Figure 173: Elastic net predicting Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Demographics
Figure 174: Elastic net predicting Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Attitudes
Figure 175: Elastic net predicting Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Everything
Table 47: Elastic Net Summary
Elastic Net R² for predicting Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Variable Group # Predictors R²
Political Psychology 3 .455
Ideology & Partisanship 5 .476
Demographics 5 .076
Attitudes 3 .346
Everything 16 .618
PPBS
Psychology of Political Behavior Studies PI: Flavio Azevedo