1 Items: Right-Wing Authoritarianism

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Unverified items: The items file does not specify which years these items apply to. Please add a data-years attribute (e.g., data-years="2016,2018,2020") to the item container in items/RWA.html to confirm item equivalence across waves.

2 Study Overview

Sample sizes and descriptive statistics for Right-Wing Authoritarianism by year
year	N	N (valid facet)	Mean	SD
2016	1500	1500	5.20	1.47
2018	2759	2759	5.05	1.57
2020	2000	2000	5.00	1.43

2.0.1 2016 Sample

2.0.2 Sample

N=1500

To conduct a exploratory and a confirmatory large surveys during the general election, we hired a professional survey firm (SSI, a US-based market research company that recruits participants from a panel of 7,139,027 American citizens; more information can be found at www.surveysampling.com (now https://www.dynata.com/) to recruit a nationally representative sample of 1,500 Americans (50.7% women) who completed study materials during the general election from August 16-September 9, 2016. (Information about sampling and exclusion criteria is included in the Supplement). The age distribution was as follows: 18-24 (12.9%), 25-34 (17.6%), 35-44 (17.5%), 45-54 (19.5%), 55-65 (15.6%) and older than 65 (16.9%). The ethnic breakdown was: White/European American (82.5%), Black/African American (7.7%), Latino (5.9%) and “Other” (4.0%). Concerning religion, 67.6% identified as Christian, 17.1% as religiously affiliated but not Christian, and 15.3% as Atheist/Agnostic. With respect to education 35.1% indicated “high school only or lower,” 31.4 % indicated “some college,” and 33.6% indicated having received a “Bachelor” or “Graduate” degree. 2424 participants were directed to the survey, 1885 of which finished the survey (attrition rate 22%).

We followed recommendations to minimize the problem of careless responding in online studies. Specifically, we employed 10 random attention questions and time controls to check for data quality. There were 385 participants who failed more than one attention check or finished the survey in under ~22 minutes and were therefore excluded from the sample. For the 1500 participants who successfully finished the survey, completion time was 67 minutes on average (MD: 51min).

2.0.3 2018 Sample

2.0.4 Sample

N=TBD

Sample description for the 2018 PPBS CINT Post-election study to be added.

2.0.5 2020 Sample

2.0.6 Sample

N=TBD

Sample description for the 2020 PPBS CINT study to be added.

3 Descriptives

3.1 Overall + Subfacet Descriptives

Descriptive statistics for Right-Wing Authoritarianism and subfacets by year
year	Facet	N	Mean	SD	Median
2016	RWA	1500	5.20	1.47	5.17
2018	RWA	2759	5.05	1.57	5.08
2020	RWA	2000	5.00	1.43	5.00
2016	Aggression	1500	5.52	1.66	5.25
2018	Aggression	2759	5.49	1.75	5.50
2020	Aggression	2000	5.49	1.57	5.25
2016	Submission	1500	4.76	1.48	5.00
2018	Submission	2759	4.55	1.62	4.75
2020	Submission	2000	4.52	1.52	5.00
2016	Conventionalism	1500	5.30	2.03	5.25
2018	Conventionalism	2759	5.12	2.00	5.00
2020	Conventionalism	2000	4.99	1.86	5.00

3.2 Density Plots

3.2.1 Overall

3.2.2 Aggression

3.2.3 Submission

3.2.4 Conventionalism

4 Demographics

4.1 Sex

4.1.1 Overall: Pooled Model

Right-Wing Authoritarianism ~ Sex * Year
	Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	5.07	4.97 – 5.18	<.001
Sex [Male]	0.25	0.09 – 0.40	.001
year [2018]	-0.05	-0.19 – 0.08	.442
year [2020]	-0.05	-0.19 – 0.09	.484
Sex [Male] × year [2018]	-0.18	-0.37 – 0.01	.059
Sex [Male] × year [2020]	-0.30	-0.50 – -0.10	.003
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.004 / .004

4.1.2 Overall: Raincloud

4.1.3 Aggression: Sex Model

Aggression ~ Sex * Year
	Aggression
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	5.45	5.33 – 5.57	<.001
Sex [Male]	0.15	-0.02 – 0.32	.091
year [2018]	0.08	-0.07 – 0.22	.321
year [2020]	0.11	-0.05 – 0.27	.165
Sex [Male] × year [2018]	-0.23	-0.44 – -0.01	.036
Sex [Male] × year [2020]	-0.30	-0.53 – -0.08	.008
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.002 / .001

4.1.4 Submission: Sex Model

Submission ~ Sex * Year
	Submission
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	4.66	4.55 – 4.78	<.001
Sex [Male]	0.20	0.04 – 0.35	.014
year [2018]	-0.20	-0.34 – -0.06	.004
year [2020]	-0.17	-0.31 – -0.02	.026
Sex [Male] × year [2018]	-0.02	-0.22 – 0.17	.830
Sex [Male] × year [2020]	-0.16	-0.37 – 0.04	.122
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.006 / .006

4.1.5 Conventionalism: Sex Model

Conventionalism ~ Sex * Year
	Conventionalism
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	5.10	4.97 – 5.24	<.001
Sex [Male]	0.40	0.20 – 0.60	<.001
year [2018]	-0.03	-0.21 – 0.14	.722
year [2020]	-0.10	-0.28 – 0.09	.303
Sex [Male] × year [2018]	-0.30	-0.55 – -0.05	.017
Sex [Male] × year [2020]	-0.43	-0.69 – -0.17	.001
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.006 / .005

4.2 Age

4.2.1 Overall: Pooled Model

Right-Wing Authoritarianism ~ Age * Year
	Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	4.74	4.53 – 4.94	<.001
Age25-34 years	-0.01	-0.28 – 0.27	.968
Age35-44 years	0.31	0.04 – 0.59	.024
Age45-54 years	0.70	0.44 – 0.97	<.001
Age55-64 years	0.64	0.36 – 0.91	<.001
Age [65+]	1.01	0.73 – 1.28	<.001
Age [65+ years]	0.84	0.60 – 1.07	<.001
year [2018]	-0.28	-0.55 – -0.02	.036
year [2020]	-0.32	-0.60 – -0.04	.024
Age25-34 years:year2018	0.19	-0.15 – 0.54	.273
Age35-44 years:year2018	0.12	-0.23 – 0.47	.495
Age45-54 years:year2018	0.15	-0.19 – 0.49	.385
Age55-64 years:year2018	0.25	-0.10 – 0.60	.163
Age [65+ years] × year [2018]	0.12	-0.19 – 0.43	.441
Age25-34 years:year2020	0.26	-0.10 – 0.62	.161
Age35-44 years:year2020	0.16	-0.20 – 0.53	.378
Age45-54 years:year2020	0.08	-0.28 – 0.44	.654
Age55-64 years:year2020	0.30	-0.07 – 0.68	.108
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.056 / .053

4.2.2 Overall: Raincloud

4.2.3 Aggression: Age Model

Aggression ~ Age * Year
	Aggression
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	5.02	4.79 – 5.25	<.001
Age25-34 years	0.22	-0.08 – 0.53	.156
Age35-44 years	0.42	0.12 – 0.73	.007
Age45-54 years	0.79	0.49 – 1.09	<.001
Age55-64 years	0.50	0.19 – 0.82	.002
Age [65+]	0.94	0.64 – 1.25	<.001
Age [65+ years]	0.53	0.26 – 0.79	<.001
year [2018]	0.00	-0.30 – 0.30	.988
year [2020]	0.02	-0.29 – 0.33	.904
Age25-34 years:year2018	-0.13	-0.51 – 0.26	.526
Age35-44 years:year2018	-0.17	-0.56 – 0.22	.406
Age45-54 years:year2018	-0.10	-0.49 – 0.28	.604
Age55-64 years:year2018	0.27	-0.13 – 0.67	.180
Age [65+ years] × year [2018]	0.23	-0.13 – 0.58	.208
Age25-34 years:year2020	-0.07	-0.48 – 0.34	.737
Age35-44 years:year2020	-0.04	-0.46 – 0.37	.835
Age45-54 years:year2020	-0.13	-0.53 – 0.28	.545
Age55-64 years:year2020	0.33	-0.09 – 0.75	.119
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.032 / .029

4.2.4 Submission: Age Model

Submission ~ Age * Year
	Submission
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	4.58	4.36 – 4.79	<.001
Age25-34 years	-0.21	-0.49 – 0.08	.150
Age35-44 years	0.08	-0.20 – 0.37	.580
Age45-54 years	0.38	0.10 – 0.66	.008
Age55-64 years	0.32	0.02 – 0.61	.034
Age [65+]	0.51	0.22 – 0.79	.001
Age [65+ years]	0.67	0.42 – 0.91	<.001
year [2018]	-0.54	-0.82 – -0.26	<.001
year [2020]	-0.56	-0.85 – -0.27	<.001
Age25-34 years:year2018	0.43	0.07 – 0.79	.020
Age35-44 years:year2018	0.33	-0.04 – 0.69	.077
Age45-54 years:year2018	0.39	0.03 – 0.74	.034
Age55-64 years:year2018	0.40	0.04 – 0.77	.032
Age [65+ years] × year [2018]	0.09	-0.24 – 0.42	.585
Age25-34 years:year2020	0.49	0.11 – 0.87	.012
Age35-44 years:year2020	0.40	0.01 – 0.78	.043
Age45-54 years:year2020	0.31	-0.07 – 0.69	.113
Age55-64 years:year2020	0.41	0.02 – 0.80	.039
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.031 / .029

4.2.5 Conventionalism: Age Model

Conventionalism ~ Age * Year
	Conventionalism
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	4.61	4.34 – 4.88	<.001
Age25-34 years	-0.03	-0.38 – 0.32	.872
Age35-44 years	0.44	0.08 – 0.79	.016
Age45-54 years	0.94	0.59 – 1.28	<.001
Age55-64 years	1.09	0.73 – 1.45	<.001
Age [65+]	1.57	1.21 – 1.92	<.001
Age [65+ years]	1.32	1.02 – 1.63	<.001
year [2018]	-0.31	-0.66 – 0.03	.074
year [2020]	-0.42	-0.79 – -0.06	.022
Age25-34 years:year2018	0.28	-0.17 – 0.72	.225
Age35-44 years:year2018	0.20	-0.25 – 0.65	.384
Age45-54 years:year2018	0.17	-0.27 – 0.61	.455
Age55-64 years:year2018	0.08	-0.38 – 0.53	.743
Age [65+ years] × year [2018]	0.05	-0.35 – 0.46	.803
Age25-34 years:year2020	0.36	-0.11 – 0.83	.135
Age35-44 years:year2020	0.14	-0.33 – 0.62	.559
Age45-54 years:year2020	0.07	-0.40 – 0.54	.781
Age55-64 years:year2020	0.17	-0.31 – 0.65	.486
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.069 / .066

4.3 Income

4.3.1 Overall: Pooled Model

Right-Wing Authoritarianism ~ Income * Year
	Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	5.02	4.80 – 5.24	<.001
Income [$15,000-$24,999]	0.24	-0.07 – 0.55	.137
Income [$25,000-$34,999]	0.26	-0.05 – 0.58	.097
Income [$35,000-$49,999]	0.18	-0.11 – 0.48	.225
Income [$50,000-$74,999]	0.23	-0.05 – 0.51	.101
Income [$75,000-$99,999]	0.28	-0.03 – 0.59	.072
Income [$100,000-$149,999]	0.09	-0.23 – 0.41	.578
Income [$150,000 +]	-0.02	-0.40 – 0.35	.896
year [2018]	-0.05	-0.33 – 0.22	.711
year [2020]	-0.02	-0.32 – 0.27	.878
Income [$15,000-$24,999] × year [2018]	-0.23	-0.62 – 0.17	.261
Income [$25,000-$34,999] × year [2018]	0.01	-0.39 – 0.41	.950
Income [$35,000-$49,999] × year [2018]	0.09	-0.29 – 0.46	.649
Income [$50,000-$74,999] × year [2018]	0.09	-0.26 – 0.44	.609
Income [$75,000-$99,999] × year [2018]	-0.22	-0.60 – 0.16	.259
Income [$100,000-$149,999] × year [2018]	-0.25	-0.64 – 0.14	.213
Income [$150,000 +] × year [2018]	-0.13	-0.57 – 0.31	.564
Income [$15,000-$24,999] × year [2020]	-0.03	-0.45 – 0.40	.906
Income [$25,000-$34,999] × year [2020]	-0.18	-0.60 – 0.25	.411
Income [$35,000-$49,999] × year [2020]	-0.05	-0.45 – 0.35	.800
Income [$50,000-$74,999] × year [2020]	-0.29	-0.67 – 0.08	.125
Income [$75,000-$99,999] × year [2020]	-0.30	-0.71 – 0.11	.152
Income [$100,000-$149,999] × year [2020]	-0.20	-0.61 – 0.21	.342
Income [$150,000 +] × year [2020]	-0.09	-0.55 – 0.37	.694
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.012 / .008

4.3.2 Aggression: Income Model

Aggression ~ Income * Year
	Aggression
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	5.31	5.07 – 5.56	<.001
Income [$15,000-$24,999]	0.27	-0.07 – 0.62	.124
Income [$25,000-$34,999]	0.29	-0.05 – 0.64	.097
Income [$35,000-$49,999]	0.31	-0.02 – 0.64	.063
Income [$50,000-$74,999]	0.27	-0.05 – 0.58	.094
Income [$75,000-$99,999]	0.20	-0.14 – 0.54	.250
Income [$100,000-$149,999]	0.11	-0.24 – 0.47	.528
Income [$150,000 +]	0.14	-0.28 – 0.55	.523
year [2018]	0.04	-0.27 – 0.35	.796
year [2020]	0.03	-0.30 – 0.35	.868
Income [$15,000-$24,999] × year [2018]	-0.30	-0.74 – 0.14	.185
Income [$25,000-$34,999] × year [2018]	-0.06	-0.50 – 0.39	.799
Income [$35,000-$49,999] × year [2018]	-0.04	-0.46 – 0.37	.848
Income [$50,000-$74,999] × year [2018]	0.09	-0.30 – 0.48	.656
Income [$75,000-$99,999] × year [2018]	0.03	-0.40 – 0.45	.892
Income [$100,000-$149,999] × year [2018]	-0.15	-0.59 – 0.28	.490
Income [$150,000 +] × year [2018]	-0.19	-0.68 – 0.30	.440
Income [$15,000-$24,999] × year [2020]	0.09	-0.38 – 0.56	.714
Income [$25,000-$34,999] × year [2020]	-0.12	-0.59 – 0.36	.622
Income [$35,000-$49,999] × year [2020]	-0.04	-0.48 – 0.41	.876
Income [$50,000-$74,999] × year [2020]	-0.11	-0.53 – 0.30	.590
Income [$75,000-$99,999] × year [2020]	-0.13	-0.58 – 0.33	.588
Income [$100,000-$149,999] × year [2020]	0.04	-0.42 – 0.50	.871
Income [$150,000 +] × year [2020]	-0.11	-0.62 – 0.40	.675
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.006 / .003

4.3.3 Submission: Income Model

Submission ~ Income * Year
	Submission
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	4.67	4.44 – 4.90	<.001
Income [$15,000-$24,999]	0.18	-0.14 – 0.50	.279
Income [$25,000-$34,999]	0.14	-0.18 – 0.46	.396
Income [$35,000-$49,999]	0.06	-0.24 – 0.37	.680
Income [$50,000-$74,999]	0.16	-0.13 – 0.45	.287
Income [$75,000-$99,999]	0.19	-0.12 – 0.51	.230
Income [$100,000-$149,999]	0.02	-0.31 – 0.35	.903
Income [$150,000 +]	-0.17	-0.56 – 0.21	.377
year [2018]	-0.09	-0.38 – 0.19	.521
year [2020]	-0.03	-0.33 – 0.28	.869
Income [$15,000-$24,999] × year [2018]	-0.22	-0.63 – 0.18	.283
Income [$25,000-$34,999] × year [2018]	0.09	-0.32 – 0.50	.668
Income [$35,000-$49,999] × year [2018]	0.10	-0.29 – 0.48	.614
Income [$50,000-$74,999] × year [2018]	0.01	-0.35 – 0.37	.950
Income [$75,000-$99,999] × year [2018]	-0.25	-0.65 – 0.14	.210
Income [$100,000-$149,999] × year [2018]	-0.36	-0.76 – 0.05	.085
Income [$150,000 +] × year [2018]	-0.12	-0.58 – 0.33	.593
Income [$15,000-$24,999] × year [2020]	-0.12	-0.56 – 0.32	.585
Income [$25,000-$34,999] × year [2020]	-0.25	-0.69 – 0.19	.269
Income [$35,000-$49,999] × year [2020]	-0.10	-0.51 – 0.31	.637
Income [$50,000-$74,999] × year [2020]	-0.38	-0.76 – 0.01	.056
Income [$75,000-$99,999] × year [2020]	-0.26	-0.68 – 0.16	.230
Income [$100,000-$149,999] × year [2020]	-0.33	-0.75 – 0.10	.131
Income [$150,000 +] × year [2020]	-0.03	-0.51 – 0.44	.895
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.014 / .010

4.3.4 Conventionalism: Income Model

Conventionalism ~ Income * Year
	Conventionalism
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	5.08	4.79 – 5.37	<.001
Income [$15,000-$24,999]	0.26	-0.15 – 0.66	.214
Income [$25,000-$34,999]	0.36	-0.05 – 0.77	.086
Income [$35,000-$49,999]	0.17	-0.21 – 0.55	.385
Income [$50,000-$74,999]	0.28	-0.09 – 0.64	.136
Income [$75,000-$99,999]	0.45	0.05 – 0.85	.028
Income [$100,000-$149,999]	0.14	-0.28 – 0.56	.521
Income [$150,000 +]	-0.04	-0.52 – 0.45	.883
year [2018]	-0.10	-0.46 – 0.26	.574
year [2020]	-0.07	-0.45 – 0.31	.717
Income [$15,000-$24,999] × year [2018]	-0.16	-0.67 – 0.36	.551
Income [$25,000-$34,999] × year [2018]	0.01	-0.51 – 0.53	.982
Income [$35,000-$49,999] × year [2018]	0.20	-0.29 – 0.69	.419
Income [$50,000-$74,999] × year [2018]	0.17	-0.28 – 0.63	.457
Income [$75,000-$99,999] × year [2018]	-0.44	-0.93 – 0.06	.087
Income [$100,000-$149,999] × year [2018]	-0.24	-0.75 – 0.28	.366
Income [$150,000 +] × year [2018]	-0.07	-0.65 – 0.50	.810
Income [$15,000-$24,999] × year [2020]	-0.04	-0.60 – 0.51	.879
Income [$25,000-$34,999] × year [2020]	-0.17	-0.73 – 0.39	.553
Income [$35,000-$49,999] × year [2020]	-0.02	-0.54 – 0.50	.940
Income [$50,000-$74,999] × year [2020]	-0.38	-0.87 – 0.10	.123
Income [$75,000-$99,999] × year [2020]	-0.51	-1.04 – 0.02	.061
Income [$100,000-$149,999] × year [2020]	-0.31	-0.85 – 0.23	.261
Income [$150,000 +] × year [2020]	-0.14	-0.74 – 0.47	.659
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.012 / .008

4.4 Ethnicity

4.4.1 Overall: Pooled Model

Right-Wing Authoritarianism ~ Ethnicity * Year
	Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	5.28	5.20 – 5.36	<.001
Ethnicity [Black/African American]	-0.49	-0.77 – -0.20	.001
Ethnicity [Latino]	-0.55	-0.87 – -0.23	.001
Ethnicity [Asian/Pacific Islander]	-0.61	-1.16 – -0.06	.031
Ethnicity [Native American]	0.19	-0.62 – 1.01	.642
Ethnicity [Other]	-0.45	-1.14 – 0.25	.207
Ethnicity [White]	-0.38	-1.28 – 0.51	.401
Ethnicity [Hispanic/Latino]	-0.94	-1.89 – 0.01	.052
Ethnicity [Middle Eastern]	-0.66	-2.21 – 0.88	.400
Ethnicity [Middle Eastern]	-2.04	-4.29 – 0.21	.076
year [2018]	0.33	-0.65 – 1.30	.512
year [2020]	0.18	-0.71 – 1.07	.698
Ethnicity [Black/African American] × year [2018]	-0.22	-1.24 – 0.80	.672
Ethnicity [Asian/Pacific Islander] × year [2018]	-0.05	-1.21 – 1.11	.933
Ethnicity [Native American] × year [2018]	-0.71	-2.20 – 0.78	.350
Ethnicity [Other] × year [2018]	-1.38	-2.22 – -0.53	.001
Ethnicity [White] × year [2018]	-0.07	-0.48 – 0.34	.724
Ethnicity [Black/African American] × year [2020]	-0.04	-0.99 – 0.91	.935
Ethnicity [Asian/Pacific Islander] × year [2020]	-0.27	-1.35 – 0.81	.624
Ethnicity [Native American] × year [2020]	-1.35	-2.80 – 0.10	.069
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.018 / .015

4.5 Area

4.5.1 Overall: Pooled Model

Right-Wing Authoritarianism ~ Area * Year
	Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	5.01	4.92 – 5.10	<.001
Area [Rural]	0.51	0.35 – 0.67	<.001
Area [Suburban]	0.14	-0.01 – 0.30	.064
year [2018]	-0.16	-0.30 – -0.01	.032
year [2020]	-0.22	-0.37 – -0.06	.006
Area [Rural] × year [2018]	0.07	-0.15 – 0.29	.533
Area [Suburban] × year [2018]	-0.02	-0.22 – 0.18	.854
Area [Rural] × year [2020]	0.11	-0.13 – 0.36	.367
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.025 / .024

5 Political Orientation

5.1 Overall Ideology Regression

5.1.1 Regression Table

	Right-Wing Authoritarianism → Ideology (Pooled)			Right-Wing Authoritarianism → Ideology (2016)			Right-Wing Authoritarianism → Ideology (2018)			Right-Wing Authoritarianism → Ideology (2020)
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	-5.76	-10.14 – -1.39	.010	-0.55	-1.05 – -0.06	.028	-15.16	-19.79 – -10.53	<.001	-20.36	-25.65 – -15.07	<.001
facet	1.07	0.34 – 1.80	.004	1.03	0.97 – 1.10	<.001	11.69	11.10 – 12.28	<.001	13.33	12.57 – 14.08	<.001
year [2018]	-7.01	-11.65 – -2.36	.003
year [2020]	-13.72	-18.85 – -8.59	<.001
Age25-34 years	0.09	-1.87 – 2.05	.928	-0.33	-0.68 – 0.02	.067	-2.04	-5.47 – 1.40	.245	3.01	-0.94 – 6.96	.135
Age35-44 years	-0.18	-2.18 – 1.83	.862	-0.40	-0.77 – -0.04	.029	-1.04	-4.57 – 2.48	.562	1.10	-2.94 – 5.13	.595
Age45-54 years	0.74	-1.26 – 2.74	.471	-0.46	-0.81 – -0.10	.012	0.04	-3.48 – 3.57	.982	3.24	-0.82 – 7.29	.118
Age55-64 years	0.31	-1.73 – 2.35	.768	-0.20	-0.57 – 0.18	.308	-0.20	-3.74 – 3.35	.913	1.72	-2.38 – 5.82	.411
Age [65+]	0.69	-2.50 – 3.88	.670	0.50	0.13 – 0.87	.008
Age [65+ years]	-0.47	-2.56 – 1.62	.657				-1.72	-5.15 – 1.72	.327	1.62	-2.33 – 5.56	.422
Inc	0.59	0.33 – 0.85	<.001	0.08	0.03 – 0.14	.003	1.40	0.97 – 1.83	<.001	-0.27	-0.80 – 0.26	.317
Edu	0.86	0.26 – 1.46	.005	0.10	-0.01 – 0.20	.068	0.69	-0.30 – 1.67	.170	2.48	1.07 – 3.89	.001
facet × year [2018]	10.60	9.73 – 11.48	<.001
facet × year [2020]	12.26	11.30 – 13.22	<.001
Observations	6259			1500			2759			2000
R² / R² adjusted	.606 / .605			.424 / .421			.382 / .380			.394 / .391

5.1.2 Scatter Plots by Year

5.1.3 Forest Plot

5.2 Per-Subfacet Ideology

5.2.1 Aggression

	Aggression → Ideology (Pooled)			Aggression → Ideology (2016)			Aggression → Ideology (2018)			Aggression → Ideology (2020)
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	1.35	-2.65 – 5.36	.508	1.35	0.97 – 1.73	<.001	3.81	0.66 – 6.96	.018	0.99	-3.28 – 5.27	.649
Aggression	0.72	0.02 – 1.41	.043	0.72	0.65 – 0.78	<.001	8.69	8.15 – 9.24	<.001	9.24	8.49 – 9.99	<.001
year [2018]	2.46	-2.43 – 7.34	.324
year [2020]	-0.36	-5.77 – 5.05	.897
Aggression × year [2018]	7.98	7.13 – 8.83	<.001
Aggression × year [2020]	8.53	7.58 – 9.47	<.001
Observations	6259			1500			2759			2000
R² / R² adjusted	.519 / .518			.235 / .235			.261 / .260			.227 / .226

5.2.2 Submission

	Submission → Ideology (Pooled)			Submission → Ideology (2016)			Submission → Ideology (2018)			Submission → Ideology (2020)
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	1.45	-2.39 – 5.29	.460	1.45	1.08 – 1.82	<.001	9.34	6.47 – 12.22	<.001	3.25	-0.28 – 6.78	.071
Submission	0.81	0.04 – 1.58	.040	0.81	0.74 – 0.88	<.001	9.26	8.67 – 9.86	<.001	10.73	9.99 – 11.47	<.001
year [2018]	7.89	3.30 – 12.48	.001
year [2020]	1.80	-3.13 – 6.73	.474
Submission × year [2018]	8.45	7.52 – 9.38	<.001
Submission × year [2020]	9.92	8.91 – 10.93	<.001
Observations	6259			1500			2759			2000
R² / R² adjusted	.533 / .532			.237 / .236			.253 / .252			.287 / .287

5.2.3 Conventionalism

	Conventionalism → Ideology (Pooled)			Conventionalism → Ideology (2016)			Conventionalism → Ideology (2018)			Conventionalism → Ideology (2020)
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	1.36	-1.64 – 4.37	.373	1.36	1.09 – 1.64	<.001	7.74	5.23 – 10.24	<.001	2.36	-0.69 – 5.41	.130
Conventionalism	0.74	0.21 – 1.27	.006	0.74	0.70 – 0.79	<.001	8.55	8.09 – 9.00	<.001	9.89	9.31 – 10.46	<.001
year [2018]	6.37	2.66 – 10.08	.001
year [2020]	0.99	-3.03 – 5.02	.628
Conventionalism × year [2018]	7.80	7.14 – 8.46	<.001
Conventionalism × year [2020]	9.14	8.41 – 9.87	<.001
Observations	6259			1500			2759			2000
R² / R² adjusted	.582 / .581			.380 / .380			.329 / .329			.364 / .364

5.3 Social Ideology

	Social Ideology (Pooled)			Social Ideology (2016)			Social Ideology (2018)			Social Ideology (2020)
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	-1.53	-5.51 – 2.44	.450	-1.53	-1.92 – -1.15	<.001	-17.86	-20.95 – -14.77	<.001	-22.87	-26.75 – -18.98	<.001
facet	1.24	0.51 – 1.98	.001	1.24	1.17 – 1.32	<.001	13.26	12.67 – 13.84	<.001	14.59	13.84 – 15.33	<.001
year [2018]	-16.33	-21.13 – -11.53	<.001
year [2020]	-21.34	-26.57 – -16.11	<.001
facet × year [2018]	12.01	11.12 – 12.91	<.001
facet × year [2020]	13.34	12.36 – 14.33	<.001
Observations	6259			1500			2759			2000
R² / R² adjusted	.603 / .603			.438 / .438			.419 / .419			.423 / .423

5.4 Economic Ideology

	Economic Ideology (Pooled)			Economic Ideology (2016)			Economic Ideology (2018)			Economic Ideology (2020)
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	0.53	-3.66 – 4.71	.806	0.53	0.11 – 0.94	.013	0.63	-2.62 – 3.89	.703	-9.49	-13.57 – -5.41	<.001
facet	0.95	0.18 – 1.73	.016	0.95	0.88 – 1.03	<.001	10.57	9.96 – 11.19	<.001	12.78	12.00 – 13.57	<.001
year [2018]	0.11	-4.95 – 5.16	.967
year [2020]	-10.02	-15.52 – -4.51	<.001
facet × year [2018]	9.62	8.68 – 10.56	<.001
facet × year [2020]	11.83	10.79 – 12.86	<.001
Observations	6259			1500			2759			2000
R² / R² adjusted	.567 / .567			.283 / .283			.292 / .291			.338 / .337

6 Party Identity Analyses

6.1 Party Identity (7-Point ANES) by Year

6.2 Party Identity Raincloud

6.3 Per-Subfacet Party Identity

6.3.1 Aggression

6.3.2 Submission

6.3.3 Conventionalism

6.4 Party Identity Regression with Year Interaction

	Party ID (Pooled)			Party ID (2016)			Party ID (2018)			Party ID (2020)
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	0.60	0.52 – 0.68	<.001	0.60	0.52 – 0.68	<.001	0.64	0.59 – 0.70	<.001	0.59	0.52 – 0.65	<.001
facet	0.17	0.16 – 0.19	<.001	0.17	0.16 – 0.19	<.001	0.16	0.15 – 0.17	<.001	0.18	0.16 – 0.19	<.001
year [2018]	0.05	-0.05 – 0.14	.348
year [2020]	-0.01	-0.12 – 0.09	.814
facet × year [2018]	-0.02	-0.04 – 0.00	.059
facet × year [2020]	0.00	-0.02 – 0.02	.750
Observations	6259			1500			2759			2000
R² / R² adjusted	.256 / .255			.261 / .261			.245 / .245			.258 / .258

6.5 Forest Plot: Party ID Regression

7 Correlation Comparison

7.1 Overall Cleveland Dot Plot

7.2 Per-Subfacet Cleveland Dot Plots

7.2.1 Aggression

7.2.2 Submission

7.2.3 Conventionalism

7.3 Forest Plots: Key Correlations

7.3.2 Ideological Self-placement [Left-Right]

7.3.3 Support for LGBTQ+

7.3.4 Ideological Self-placement [Economic]

7.3.5 Party ID [G.O.P.]

7.3.6 Economic System Justification

7.4 Correlation Table by Year

Spearman correlations with Right-Wing Authoritarianism by year
label	2016	2018	2020
Age	0.255	0.229	0.227
Anti-Pluralism [Populist Attitudes]	0.260	0.259	0.230
Blind Patriotism	-0.343	0.512	0.474
Economic System Justification	0.430	0.537	0.565
Education	-0.097	-0.183	-0.115
General System Justification	0.081	0.382	0.533
Ideological Self-placement [Economic]	0.518	0.536	0.560
Ideological Self-placement [Left-Right]	0.615	0.601	0.611
Ideological Self-placement [Social]	0.663	0.636	0.638
Income	-0.007	-0.050	-0.052
Male	0.075	0.022	-0.024
Party ID [G.O.P.]	0.520	0.500	0.514
Religiosity	0.536	0.481	0.456
Rural Area	0.176	0.136	0.152
Social Dominance Orientation	0.399	0.473	0.487
Support for Black Lives Matter	-0.509	-0.423	-0.596
Support for Blue Lives Matter	0.257	0.247	0.416
Support for Civil Rights	-0.394	-0.350	-0.413
Support for Environmentalism	-0.409	-0.475	-0.441
Support for Feminism	-0.451	-0.482	-0.503
Support for LGBTQ+	-0.602	-0.592	-0.621