1 Items: Social Dominance Orientation

Warning

Unverified items: The items file does not specify which years these items apply to. Please add a data-years attribute (e.g., data-years="2016,2018,2020") to the item container in items/SDO.html to confirm item equivalence across waves.

2 Study Overview

Sample sizes and descriptive statistics for Social Dominance Orientation by year
year	N	N (valid facet)	Mean	SD
2016	1500	1500	3.74	1.44
2018	2759	2759	3.65	1.46
2020	2000	2000	3.51	1.47

2.0.1 2016 Sample

2.0.2 Sample

N=1500

To conduct a exploratory and a confirmatory large surveys during the general election, we hired a professional survey firm (SSI, a US-based market research company that recruits participants from a panel of 7,139,027 American citizens; more information can be found at www.surveysampling.com (now https://www.dynata.com/) to recruit a nationally representative sample of 1,500 Americans (50.7% women) who completed study materials during the general election from August 16-September 9, 2016. (Information about sampling and exclusion criteria is included in the Supplement). The age distribution was as follows: 18-24 (12.9%), 25-34 (17.6%), 35-44 (17.5%), 45-54 (19.5%), 55-65 (15.6%) and older than 65 (16.9%). The ethnic breakdown was: White/European American (82.5%), Black/African American (7.7%), Latino (5.9%) and “Other” (4.0%). Concerning religion, 67.6% identified as Christian, 17.1% as religiously affiliated but not Christian, and 15.3% as Atheist/Agnostic. With respect to education 35.1% indicated “high school only or lower,” 31.4 % indicated “some college,” and 33.6% indicated having received a “Bachelor” or “Graduate” degree. 2424 participants were directed to the survey, 1885 of which finished the survey (attrition rate 22%).

We followed recommendations to minimize the problem of careless responding in online studies. Specifically, we employed 10 random attention questions and time controls to check for data quality. There were 385 participants who failed more than one attention check or finished the survey in under ~22 minutes and were therefore excluded from the sample. For the 1500 participants who successfully finished the survey, completion time was 67 minutes on average (MD: 51min).

2.0.3 2018 Sample

2.0.4 Sample

N=TBD

Sample description for the 2018 PPBS CINT Post-election study to be added.

2.0.5 2020 Sample

2.0.6 Sample

N=TBD

Sample description for the 2020 PPBS CINT study to be added.

3 Descriptives

3.1 Overall + Subfacet Descriptives

Descriptive statistics for Social Dominance Orientation and subfacets by year
year	Facet	N	Mean	SD	Median
2016	SDO	1500	3.74	1.44	4.00
2018	SDO	2759	3.65	1.46	3.88
2020	SDO	2000	3.51	1.47	3.69
2016	Dominance	1500	3.52	1.49	3.62
2018	Dominance	2759	3.51	1.54	3.75
2020	Dominance	2000	3.43	1.54	3.50
2016	Antiegalitarianism	1500	3.97	1.75	4.25
2018	Antiegalitarianism	2759	3.78	1.68	4.00
2020	Antiegalitarianism	2000	3.59	1.66	3.88

3.2 Density Plots

3.2.1 Overall

3.2.2 Dominance

3.2.3 Antiegalitarianism

4 Demographics

4.1 Sex

4.1.1 Overall: Pooled Model

Social Dominance Orientation ~ Sex * Year
	Social Dominance Orientation
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	3.53	3.42 – 3.63	<.001
Sex [Male]	0.44	0.30 – 0.59	<.001
year [2018]	-0.06	-0.19 – 0.07	.351
year [2020]	-0.13	-0.26 – 0.01	.065
Sex [Male] × year [2018]	-0.08	-0.26 – 0.10	.384
Sex [Male] × year [2020]	-0.21	-0.41 – -0.02	.032
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.018 / .017

4.1.2 Overall: Raincloud

4.1.3 Dominance: Sex Model

Dominance ~ Sex * Year
	Dominance
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	3.39	3.28 – 3.49	<.001
Sex [Male]	0.28	0.12 – 0.43	<.001
year [2018]	-0.09	-0.22 – 0.05	.196
year [2020]	-0.07	-0.21 – 0.08	.355
Sex [Male] × year [2018]	0.16	-0.03 – 0.35	.109
Sex [Male] × year [2020]	-0.05	-0.26 – 0.15	.608
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.013 / .012

4.1.4 Antiegalitarianism: Sex Model

Antiegalitarianism ~ Sex * Year
	Antiegalitarianism
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	3.67	3.55 – 3.78	<.001
Sex [Male]	0.61	0.44 – 0.78	<.001
year [2018]	-0.03	-0.18 – 0.12	.661
year [2020]	-0.19	-0.35 – -0.03	.019
Sex [Male] × year [2018]	-0.32	-0.53 – -0.11	.003
Sex [Male] × year [2020]	-0.37	-0.60 – -0.15	.001
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.019 / .019

4.2 Age

4.2.1 Overall: Pooled Model

Social Dominance Orientation ~ Age * Year
	Social Dominance Orientation
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	3.90	3.69 – 4.11	<.001
Age25-34 years	-0.40	-0.67 – -0.13	.004
Age35-44 years	-0.13	-0.40 – 0.14	.333
Age45-54 years	-0.27	-0.54 – -0.01	.045
Age55-64 years	-0.28	-0.55 – 0.00	.050
Age [65+]	0.20	-0.07 – 0.47	.154
Age [65+ years]	0.13	-0.10 – 0.36	.280
year [2018]	-0.36	-0.63 – -0.10	.007
year [2020]	-0.54	-0.82 – -0.27	<.001
Age25-34 years:year2018	0.34	-0.00 – 0.68	.052
Age35-44 years:year2018	0.28	-0.06 – 0.63	.106
Age45-54 years:year2018	0.47	0.13 – 0.81	.007
Age55-64 years:year2018	0.44	0.09 – 0.79	.014
Age [65+ years] × year [2018]	0.03	-0.28 – 0.34	.847
Age25-34 years:year2020	0.47	0.11 – 0.84	.010
Age35-44 years:year2020	0.46	0.10 – 0.83	.013
Age45-54 years:year2020	0.44	0.08 – 0.80	.016
Age55-64 years:year2020	0.45	0.08 – 0.82	.016
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.011 / .009

4.2.2 Overall: Raincloud

4.2.3 Dominance: Age Model

Dominance ~ Age * Year
	Dominance
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	3.85	3.63 – 4.06	<.001
Age25-34 years	-0.41	-0.69 – -0.13	.005
Age35-44 years	-0.26	-0.55 – 0.02	.068
Age45-54 years	-0.46	-0.74 – -0.18	.001
Age55-64 years	-0.56	-0.85 – -0.27	<.001
Age [65+]	-0.18	-0.47 – 0.11	.216
Age [65+ years]	-0.04	-0.28 – 0.21	.759
year [2018]	-0.34	-0.62 – -0.06	.016
year [2020]	-0.46	-0.75 – -0.17	.002
Age25-34 years:year2018	0.34	-0.02 – 0.70	.065
Age35-44 years:year2018	0.37	0.01 – 0.73	.045
Age45-54 years:year2018	0.56	0.21 – 0.92	.002
Age55-64 years:year2018	0.53	0.16 – 0.90	.004
Age [65+ years] × year [2018]	-0.01	-0.34 – 0.31	.949
Age25-34 years:year2020	0.46	0.08 – 0.84	.018
Age35-44 years:year2020	0.56	0.18 – 0.94	.004
Age45-54 years:year2020	0.50	0.13 – 0.88	.009
Age55-64 years:year2020	0.45	0.06 – 0.83	.023
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.007 / .004

4.2.4 Antiegalitarianism: Age Model

Antiegalitarianism ~ Age * Year
	Antiegalitarianism
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	3.95	3.72 – 4.19	<.001
Age25-34 years	-0.38	-0.70 – -0.07	.016
Age35-44 years	-0.00	-0.31 – 0.31	.985
Age45-54 years	-0.08	-0.39 – 0.22	.605
Age55-64 years	0.01	-0.31 – 0.33	.972
Age [65+]	0.58	0.26 – 0.89	<.001
Age [65+ years]	0.30	0.03 – 0.57	.032
year [2018]	-0.38	-0.69 – -0.08	.014
year [2020]	-0.63	-0.95 – -0.31	<.001
Age25-34 years:year2018	0.34	-0.06 – 0.73	.092
Age35-44 years:year2018	0.20	-0.20 – 0.60	.327
Age45-54 years:year2018	0.37	-0.02 – 0.76	.066
Age55-64 years:year2018	0.35	-0.06 – 0.75	.091
Age [65+ years] × year [2018]	0.07	-0.29 – 0.43	.696
Age25-34 years:year2020	0.49	0.07 – 0.91	.021
Age35-44 years:year2020	0.37	-0.05 – 0.79	.088
Age45-54 years:year2020	0.38	-0.04 – 0.79	.074
Age55-64 years:year2020	0.46	0.03 – 0.88	.035
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.020 / .017

4.3 Income

4.3.1 Overall: Pooled Model

Social Dominance Orientation ~ Income * Year
	Social Dominance Orientation
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	3.57	3.35 – 3.78	<.001
Income [$15,000-$24,999]	0.15	-0.15 – 0.45	.329
Income [$25,000-$34,999]	0.12	-0.18 – 0.42	.439
Income [$35,000-$49,999]	0.14	-0.15 – 0.43	.334
Income [$50,000-$74,999]	0.15	-0.12 – 0.42	.285
Income [$75,000-$99,999]	0.29	-0.01 – 0.59	.055
Income [$100,000-$149,999]	0.21	-0.10 – 0.52	.182
Income [$150,000 +]	0.56	0.19 – 0.92	.003
year [2018]	-0.02	-0.29 – 0.25	.874
year [2020]	0.02	-0.26 – 0.31	.874
Income [$15,000-$24,999] × year [2018]	-0.19	-0.57 – 0.20	.336
Income [$25,000-$34,999] × year [2018]	-0.06	-0.45 – 0.32	.747
Income [$35,000-$49,999] × year [2018]	0.02	-0.34 – 0.38	.923
Income [$50,000-$74,999] × year [2018]	0.01	-0.33 – 0.35	.967
Income [$75,000-$99,999] × year [2018]	-0.12	-0.49 – 0.25	.518
Income [$100,000-$149,999] × year [2018]	-0.19	-0.57 – 0.19	.338
Income [$150,000 +] × year [2018]	-0.33	-0.76 – 0.10	.128
Income [$15,000-$24,999] × year [2020]	-0.04	-0.46 – 0.37	.832
Income [$25,000-$34,999] × year [2020]	-0.36	-0.78 – 0.05	.085
Income [$35,000-$49,999] × year [2020]	-0.25	-0.64 – 0.13	.201
Income [$50,000-$74,999] × year [2020]	-0.36	-0.72 – 0.01	.054
Income [$75,000-$99,999] × year [2020]	-0.33	-0.73 – 0.07	.103
Income [$100,000-$149,999] × year [2020]	-0.31	-0.71 – 0.09	.124
Income [$150,000 +] × year [2020]	-0.53	-0.97 – -0.08	.021
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.009 / .005

4.3.2 Dominance: Income Model

Dominance ~ Income * Year
	Dominance
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	3.45	3.22 – 3.67	<.001
Income [$15,000-$24,999]	0.14	-0.18 – 0.46	.390
Income [$25,000-$34,999]	0.03	-0.29 – 0.35	.854
Income [$35,000-$49,999]	0.02	-0.28 – 0.32	.878
Income [$50,000-$74,999]	0.10	-0.19 – 0.38	.498
Income [$75,000-$99,999]	0.15	-0.17 – 0.46	.361
Income [$100,000-$149,999]	-0.00	-0.33 – 0.32	.979
Income [$150,000 +]	0.21	-0.17 – 0.59	.272
year [2018]	0.09	-0.19 – 0.37	.538
year [2020]	0.16	-0.14 – 0.46	.304
Income [$15,000-$24,999] × year [2018]	-0.24	-0.65 – 0.16	.233
Income [$25,000-$34,999] × year [2018]	-0.05	-0.46 – 0.35	.797
Income [$35,000-$49,999] × year [2018]	0.08	-0.30 – 0.46	.691
Income [$50,000-$74,999] × year [2018]	-0.13	-0.49 – 0.23	.470
Income [$75,000-$99,999] × year [2018]	-0.13	-0.52 – 0.26	.523
Income [$100,000-$149,999] × year [2018]	-0.11	-0.51 – 0.29	.585
Income [$150,000 +] × year [2018]	-0.23	-0.68 – 0.22	.318
Income [$15,000-$24,999] × year [2020]	-0.05	-0.48 – 0.38	.822
Income [$25,000-$34,999] × year [2020]	-0.40	-0.84 – 0.03	.068
Income [$35,000-$49,999] × year [2020]	-0.24	-0.65 – 0.16	.245
Income [$50,000-$74,999] × year [2020]	-0.40	-0.78 – -0.02	.041
Income [$75,000-$99,999] × year [2020]	-0.33	-0.75 – 0.08	.118
Income [$100,000-$149,999] × year [2020]	-0.22	-0.64 – 0.20	.310
Income [$150,000 +] × year [2020]	-0.33	-0.80 – 0.13	.161
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.004 / .001

4.3.3 Antiegalitarianism: Income Model

Antiegalitarianism ~ Income * Year
	Antiegalitarianism
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	3.69	3.44 – 3.93	<.001
Income [$15,000-$24,999]	0.16	-0.19 – 0.51	.363
Income [$25,000-$34,999]	0.21	-0.14 – 0.56	.242
Income [$35,000-$49,999]	0.26	-0.07 – 0.59	.126
Income [$50,000-$74,999]	0.20	-0.12 – 0.51	.217
Income [$75,000-$99,999]	0.44	0.09 – 0.78	.013
Income [$100,000-$149,999]	0.43	0.07 – 0.79	.020
Income [$150,000 +]	0.90	0.48 – 1.32	<.001
year [2018]	-0.13	-0.44 – 0.18	.405
year [2020]	-0.11	-0.44 – 0.22	.510
Income [$15,000-$24,999] × year [2018]	-0.13	-0.58 – 0.31	.559
Income [$25,000-$34,999] × year [2018]	-0.07	-0.52 – 0.37	.746
Income [$35,000-$49,999] × year [2018]	-0.04	-0.46 – 0.38	.847
Income [$50,000-$74,999] × year [2018]	0.15	-0.25 – 0.54	.467
Income [$75,000-$99,999] × year [2018]	-0.12	-0.55 – 0.31	.590
Income [$100,000-$149,999] × year [2018]	-0.26	-0.70 – 0.18	.245
Income [$150,000 +] × year [2018]	-0.43	-0.93 – 0.06	.085
Income [$15,000-$24,999] × year [2020]	-0.04	-0.52 – 0.44	.871
Income [$25,000-$34,999] × year [2020]	-0.32	-0.80 – 0.15	.184
Income [$35,000-$49,999] × year [2020]	-0.26	-0.71 – 0.18	.247
Income [$50,000-$74,999] × year [2020]	-0.32	-0.74 – 0.10	.137
Income [$75,000-$99,999] × year [2020]	-0.33	-0.79 – 0.13	.160
Income [$100,000-$149,999] × year [2020]	-0.41	-0.87 – 0.05	.082
Income [$150,000 +] × year [2020]	-0.72	-1.23 – -0.20	.007
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.015 / .011

4.4 Ethnicity

4.4.1 Overall: Pooled Model

Social Dominance Orientation ~ Ethnicity * Year
	Social Dominance Orientation
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	3.84	3.76 – 3.92	<.001
Ethnicity [Black/African American]	-0.90	-1.18 – -0.63	<.001
Ethnicity [Latino]	-0.27	-0.58 – 0.04	.089
Ethnicity [Asian/Pacific Islander]	-0.03	-0.57 – 0.50	.902
Ethnicity [Native American]	-0.18	-0.97 – 0.61	.659
Ethnicity [Other]	-0.83	-1.50 – -0.16	.016
Ethnicity [White]	-0.81	-1.67 – 0.06	.069
Ethnicity [Hispanic/Latino]	-1.16	-2.07 – -0.24	.013
Ethnicity [Middle Eastern]	-0.65	-2.15 – 0.84	.392
Ethnicity [Middle Eastern]	-0.85	-3.03 – 1.33	.445
year [2018]	0.91	-0.04 – 1.85	.060
year [2020]	0.54	-0.32 – 1.40	.219
Ethnicity [Black/African American] × year [2018]	-0.56	-1.55 – 0.43	.265
Ethnicity [Asian/Pacific Islander] × year [2018]	-0.89	-2.01 – 0.23	.121
Ethnicity [Native American] × year [2018]	-0.59	-2.03 – 0.86	.426
Ethnicity [Other] × year [2018]	-0.97	-1.79 – -0.15	.021
Ethnicity [White] × year [2018]	-0.20	-0.59 – 0.20	.331
Ethnicity [Black/African American] × year [2020]	-0.24	-1.16 – 0.68	.603
Ethnicity [Asian/Pacific Islander] × year [2020]	-0.87	-1.92 – 0.18	.103
Ethnicity [Native American] × year [2020]	-1.02	-2.42 – 0.39	.157
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.022 / .019

4.5 Area

4.5.1 Overall: Pooled Model

Social Dominance Orientation ~ Area * Year
	Social Dominance Orientation
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	3.61	3.52 – 3.70	<.001
Area [Rural]	0.37	0.22 – 0.52	<.001
Area [Suburban]	-0.01	-0.16 – 0.14	.880
year [2018]	-0.12	-0.26 – 0.02	.102
year [2020]	-0.13	-0.29 – 0.02	.081
Area [Rural] × year [2018]	-0.04	-0.25 – 0.18	.748
Area [Suburban] × year [2018]	0.16	-0.04 – 0.36	.113
Area [Rural] × year [2020]	-0.18	-0.42 – 0.06	.133
Observations	6259
R² / R² adjusted	.011 / .010

5 Political Orientation

5.1 Overall Ideology Regression

5.1.1 Regression Table

	Social Dominance Orientation → Ideology (Pooled)			Social Dominance Orientation → Ideology (2016)			Social Dominance Orientation → Ideology (2018)			Social Dominance Orientation → Ideology (2020)
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	-1.64	-5.63 – 2.35	.420	1.97	1.49 – 2.46	<.001	11.63	6.99 – 16.28	<.001	13.05	7.91 – 18.19	<.001
facet	0.81	-0.01 – 1.63	.053	0.76	0.69 – 0.84	<.001	8.97	8.29 – 9.65	<.001	9.10	8.29 – 9.91	<.001
year [2018]	14.82	10.77 – 18.86	<.001
year [2020]	15.47	11.16 – 19.79	<.001
Age25-34 years	3.14	0.94 – 5.34	.005	0.12	-0.28 – 0.51	.570	2.20	-1.62 – 6.02	.258	6.59	2.12 – 11.06	.004
Age35-44 years	4.04	1.79 – 6.28	<.001	0.28	-0.12 – 0.69	.173	4.50	0.59 – 8.41	.024	5.89	1.33 – 10.45	.011
Age45-54 years	8.47	6.25 – 10.68	<.001	0.71	0.31 – 1.10	<.001	9.74	5.87 – 13.62	<.001	13.19	8.65 – 17.73	<.001
Age55-64 years	9.44	7.19 – 11.70	<.001	0.95	0.53 – 1.37	<.001	10.68	6.79 – 14.56	<.001	14.08	9.52 – 18.64	<.001
Age [65+]	6.43	2.90 – 9.96	<.001	1.62	1.21 – 2.03	<.001
Age [65+ years]	9.85	7.55 – 12.16	<.001				10.23	6.48 – 13.98	<.001	13.32	8.92 – 17.72	<.001
Inc	0.33	0.03 – 0.62	.029	0.05	-0.02 – 0.11	.145	1.07	0.59 – 1.56	<.001	-0.48	-1.08 – 0.12	.116
Edu	-0.97	-1.63 – -0.30	.004	-0.11	-0.23 – 0.00	.059	-1.65	-2.72 – -0.57	.003	-0.23	-1.81 – 1.36	.781
facet × year [2018]	8.29	7.27 – 9.30	<.001
facet × year [2020]	8.30	7.22 – 9.37	<.001
Observations	6259			1500			2759			2000
R² / R² adjusted	.502 / .501			.268 / .264			.231 / .229			.220 / .217

5.1.2 Scatter Plots by Year

5.1.3 Forest Plot

5.2 Per-Subfacet Ideology

5.2.1 Dominance

	Dominance → Ideology (Pooled)			Dominance → Ideology (2016)			Dominance → Ideology (2018)			Dominance → Ideology (2020)
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	3.45	0.27 – 6.62	.033	3.45	3.14 – 3.75	<.001	26.34	23.76 – 28.93	<.001	27.57	24.53 – 30.60	<.001
Dominance	0.53	-0.30 – 1.36	.212	0.53	0.45 – 0.61	<.001	7.16	6.49 – 7.84	<.001	7.04	6.24 – 7.85	<.001
year [2018]	22.90	18.99 – 26.81	<.001
year [2020]	24.12	20.01 – 28.23	<.001
Dominance × year [2018]	6.64	5.62 – 7.66	<.001
Dominance × year [2020]	6.52	5.43 – 7.60	<.001
Observations	6259			1500			2759			2000
R² / R² adjusted	.446 / .446			.103 / .103			.136 / .136			.128 / .127

5.2.2 Antiegalitarianism

	Antiegalitarianism → Ideology (Pooled)			Antiegalitarianism → Ideology (2016)			Antiegalitarianism → Ideology (2018)			Antiegalitarianism → Ideology (2020)
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	2.58	-0.35 – 5.51	.084	2.58	2.31 – 2.85	<.001	20.78	18.33 – 23.22	<.001	21.94	19.09 – 24.78	<.001
Antiegalitarianism	0.69	0.01 – 1.36	.047	0.69	0.62 – 0.75	<.001	8.13	7.54 – 8.73	<.001	8.29	7.57 – 9.00	<.001
year [2018]	18.20	14.56 – 21.83	<.001
year [2020]	19.35	15.53 – 23.17	<.001
Antiegalitarianism × year [2018]	7.45	6.59 – 8.30	<.001
Antiegalitarianism × year [2020]	7.60	6.68 – 8.52	<.001
Observations	6259			1500			2759			2000
R² / R² adjusted	.494 / .493			.240 / .240			.209 / .209			.204 / .204

5.3 Social Ideology

	Social Ideology (Pooled)			Social Ideology (2016)			Social Ideology (2018)			Social Ideology (2020)
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	1.88	-1.66 – 5.43	.297	1.88	1.53 – 2.24	<.001	12.91	10.03 – 15.79	<.001	16.05	12.77 – 19.32	<.001
facet	0.81	-0.07 – 1.70	.071	0.81	0.73 – 0.90	<.001	9.93	9.20 – 10.67	<.001	9.68	8.82 – 10.54	<.001
year [2018]	11.03	6.68 – 15.38	<.001
year [2020]	14.16	9.62 – 18.71	<.001
facet × year [2018]	9.12	8.03 – 10.21	<.001
facet × year [2020]	8.87	7.71 – 10.03	<.001
Observations	6259			1500			2759			2000
R² / R² adjusted	.453 / .452			.179 / .179			.204 / .204			.196 / .196

5.4 Economic Ideology

	Economic Ideology (Pooled)			Economic Ideology (2016)			Economic Ideology (2018)			Economic Ideology (2020)
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	2.44	-1.01 – 5.89	.166	2.44	2.11 – 2.77	<.001	20.66	17.88 – 23.43	<.001	22.04	18.81 – 25.27	<.001
facet	0.81	-0.05 – 1.67	.064	0.81	0.73 – 0.90	<.001	9.16	8.46 – 9.87	<.001	9.22	8.37 – 10.07	<.001
year [2018]	18.22	13.98 – 22.45	<.001
year [2020]	19.60	15.17 – 24.03	<.001
facet × year [2018]	8.35	7.29 – 9.41	<.001
facet × year [2020]	8.40	7.28 – 9.53	<.001
Observations	6259			1500			2759			2000
R² / R² adjusted	.489 / .489			.197 / .196			.190 / .190			.185 / .184

6 Party Identity Analyses

6.1 Party Identity (7-Point ANES) by Year

6.2 Party Identity Raincloud

6.3 Per-Subfacet Party Identity

6.3.1 Dominance

6.3.2 Antiegalitarianism

6.4 Party Identity Regression with Year Interaction

	Party ID (Pooled)			Party ID (2016)			Party ID (2018)			Party ID (2020)
Predictors	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p	Estimates	CI	p
(Intercept)	0.93	0.87 – 1.00	<.001	0.93	0.87 – 1.00	<.001	0.90	0.86 – 0.95	<.001	1.02	0.97 – 1.08	<.001
facet	0.15	0.14 – 0.17	<.001	0.15	0.14 – 0.17	<.001	0.15	0.14 – 0.16	<.001	0.13	0.11 – 0.14	<.001
year [2018]	-0.03	-0.11 – 0.05	.410
year [2020]	0.09	0.01 – 0.17	.029
facet × year [2018]	-0.00	-0.02 – 0.01	.620
facet × year [2020]	-0.02	-0.05 – -0.00	.020
Observations	6259			1500			2759			2000
R² / R² adjusted	.175 / .174			.191 / .190			.187 / .187			.140 / .139

6.5 Forest Plot: Party ID Regression

7 Correlation Comparison

7.1 Overall Cleveland Dot Plot

7.2 Per-Subfacet Cleveland Dot Plots

7.2.1 Dominance

7.2.2 Antiegalitarianism

7.3 Forest Plots: Key Correlations

7.3.1 Economic System Justification

7.3.2 Right Wing Authoritarianism

7.3.3 Support for LGBTQ+

7.3.4 Support for Civil Rights

7.3.5 Anti-Pluralism [Populist Attitudes]

7.3.6 Ideological Self-placement [Left-Right]

7.4 Correlation Table by Year

Spearman correlations with Social Dominance Orientation by year
label	2016	2018	2020
Age	0.042	0.036	0.010
Anti-Pluralism [Populist Attitudes]	0.400	0.470	0.441
Blind Patriotism	-0.221	0.402	0.395
Economic System Justification	0.568	0.631	0.611
Education	-0.009	-0.118	-0.017
General System Justification	0.134	0.320	0.455
Ideological Self-placement [Economic]	0.425	0.417	0.408
Ideological Self-placement [Left-Right]	0.442	0.438	0.430
Ideological Self-placement [Social]	0.405	0.438	0.430
Income	0.071	0.037	0.001
Male	0.147	0.131	0.082
Party ID [G.O.P.]	0.423	0.425	0.363
Religiosity	0.166	0.183	0.214
Right Wing Authoritarianism	0.399	0.473	0.487
Rural Area	0.116	0.075	0.034
Support for Black Lives Matter	-0.416	-0.437	-0.442
Support for Blue Lives Matter	0.108	0.118	0.231
Support for Civil Rights	-0.407	-0.465	-0.456
Support for Environmentalism	-0.356	-0.460	-0.374
Support for Feminism	-0.399	-0.407	-0.386
Support for LGBTQ+	-0.435	-0.470	-0.427